Chapter 7 Key Terms Quiz 2

A condition wherein one gauges what they do not have by comparing themselves with others who are materially better off.

A zero-sum conception of political identity that tends to generate fragmentation and intercommunal violence along national, ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines. Identity politics employed by elites to consolidate power through zealous appeals to one identity group and derogation of the “other.”

The use of offensive military force against a potential adversary in order to eliminate a perceived threat before it ever materializes.

Terrorism carried out either across national borders or by groups that operate in more than one country.

Terrorism sponsored by nation-states. In general, state-sponsored terrorism is associated with providing material support and/or sanctuary to terrorist or paramilitary organizations.

A measure that involves defending oneself, one’s property, or the well-being of another from harm. The right of self-defense is available in many jurisdictions as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger, but the interpretation varies widely.

The view of some political and social theorists that a given identity may be deeply embedded or “hardwired” in a person’s consciousness. Such identities override other possible sources of identity, which can produce extreme intolerance and violence toward members of other identity groups.

A transfer of money by an expatriate to persons in his or her home country.

A form of political violence carried out by individuals, nongovernmental organizations, or covert government agents or units that specifically targets civilians using clandestine methods.

A strategy of warfare predicated on the legitimacy and desirability of using military force against an evident security threat from an adversary prior to one’s own state or interests being attacked.