Chapter 9 Quiz

. A motivational perspective assumes that behavior will persist when

the contingency is well practiced.

the behavior is easily remembered.

the occasion setters are salient.

the outcome is highly desirable.

. Hull's concept of Habit (H) is most analogous to

a specific motivational state produced by a particular deficit (e.g., hunger, thirst).

a general motivational state produced by one or more biological needs.

an S-R association.

the automatic, highly stereotypical manner in which the response is produced after extensive training.

. According to Hull's conception of the factors affecting performance, the strength of a behavior is determined by which formula?

Drive × Habit

Drive + Habit

Habit – Drive

Habit / Drive

. Which statement is not an assumption of Hull's theory?

Motivation and learning are equally important in determining whether a behavior occurs.

The effect of Habit is the same regardless of Drive, and Drive effects are the same regardless of Habit.

Drive is a specific motivational state that activates or elicits need-specific behaviors.

The subject learns what to do when particular needs are aroused, rather than knowing innately that, for example, it is hungry and needs to forage.

. Incentive learning refers to a subject's

knowledge of how vigorously to perform a behavior, depending on the incentive linked to the behavior.

knowledge of the reinforcer due to previous exposure.

development of an expectation about which incentives are signaled by a particular occasion setter.

development of different incentive preferences after being presented with multiple reinforcer options.

. Research on incentive effects have shown that

baby animals instinctively know about the motivational effects of food, water/milk, and warmth.

we cannot alter the motivational effects of primary outcomes like food, water, sex, etc.

meal size increases as the time since the last meal increases.

motivation states likely set the occasion for incentive value.

. A "specific hunger" involves

learning about foods that contain the needed nutrient.

drive reduction by foods that contain the needed nutrient.

avoiding foods that do not contain the needed nutrient.

an aversion to the foods that do not contain the needed nutrient and learning about foods that do.

. Which occurrence is likely to result in a negative contrast effect?

Sylvia is given a choice between helping to clean the house or doing yard work.

Ryan receives $40 for cutting the neighbors' grass and $20 for mowing his parent's lawn.

Hector's boss criticizes him when he makes mistakes and praises him when he performs his job correctly.

Christa learns that if she eats ice cream slowly she does not get a headache, but if she eats it too quickly she does.

. According to Hull, the r_G-s_G mechanism represents the

goal reaction, or the response to food in the goal box.

instrumentally conditioned response to the start box cues.

classically conditioned response to the goal box cues.

stimulus effects that attach to and link the instrumental responses.

. Which statement is not an assumption of Amsel's model of frustration?

Frustration is instrumentally conditioned when a subject is nonrewarded.

With enough training, frustration becomes an occasion setter for the delivery of reward.

Nonreward is not frustrating unless the subject expects to be rewarded.

Frustration is a cognitive or emotional response that interferes with performance.

. If frustration is a function of the difference between expected reward and what was obtained,

extinction will be faster after training with big rewards.

extinction will be slower after training with big rewards.

extinction will be faster after partial reinforcement.

extinction will be fastest after consistent training with small rewards.

. Sydney announces to her class that bonus points will be available for written thought papers on a topic. She expects performance on tests to increase. Which statement is true?

She is wrong; the reward is not tangible and will not affect performance.

She is wrong; the reward is expected or has been announced ahead of time and is unrelated to the quality of the thought paper—both factors known to make reward detrimental to performance.

She is correct, because the reward is not contingent on the quality of the performance.

She is correct; rewards all have different strengths, but they all increase performance.

. The partial reinforcement extinction effect

is more likely to occur in classical conditioning procedures than in instrumental conditioning procedures.

is observed when partially reinforced subjects outperform subjects continuously rewarded during acquisition.

is observed when partially reinforced subjects outperform subjects continuously rewarded during extinction.

is more likely to occur when subjects have experience with multiple alternating acquisition and extinction sessions.

. Sequential theory argues that a behavior will more likely be persistent if the subject experiences

a regular or repeating pattern of reward and nonreward (e.g., NNRNNRNNR).

an irregular or random pattern of reward and nonreward (e.g., NNRNRNNNR).

extrinsic reinforcement after first being exposed to intrinsic reinforcement.

intrinsic reinforcement after first being exposed to extrinsic reinforcement.

. After Johnny has eaten ice cream, his mother asks him if he would like a glass of sweet tea. "No!" he says, "that would taste awful after ice cream." Johnny is anticipating

a negative contrast.

an opponent process.

a positive contrast.

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer.

. Concurrent measurement studies were designed by researchers to test whether

instrumental responding is actually a classically elicited response from an organized set of behaviors that serve a biological function.

motivational factors or emotional factors provide stronger incentive effects.

classically conditioned peripheral responses provide the motivational basis for instrumental responding.

retroactive and proactive interference effects can explain extinction and Pavlovian–instrumental transfer data.

. A rat is trained to lever-press to avoid receiving a shock in an operant chamber. In the second phase of training, the rat receives a tone-shock and flashing light–food pairings in a wooden box. In the third phase, the rat is placed back in the operant chamber and the tone and flashing light are presented separately on different trials while the subject engages in avoidance responding. If classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and central states interact as Rescorla and Solomon propose, then the light should _______ avoidance responding and the tone should _______ avoidance responding.

increase; decrease

decrease; increase

increase; increase

decrease; decrease

. Research findings from Pavlovian–instrumental transfer and concurrent measurement studies have led researchers to conclude that

a CS for food only affects instrumental responding for food.

instrumental conditioning can enhance or suppress classical responding.

instrumental conditioning can modulate classically conditioned responding.

classical conditioning can evoke a whole system of motivation-based behavior.

. Over time, a nurse comes to enjoy the ordinarily nerve-wracking task of taking blood from patients. This enjoyment would be predicted by

frustration theory.

sequential theory.

opponent process theory.

incentive motivation.

. Drug tolerance is most likely due to

the b-process.

the a-process.

Pavlovian conditioning of the b-process.

spaced and moderate use of a drug.

Chapter 9 Quiz

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