How Motivational States Affect Behavior

• Motivation versus learning
• Does Drive merely energize?
• Is motivated behavior a response to need?

Anticipating Reward and Punishment

• Bait and switch
• The Hullian response: Incentive motivation
• Frustration
• Another paradoxical reward effect
• Partial reinforcement and persistence
• Motivation by expectancies
• General and specific outcome expectancies
• What does it all mean?

Dynamic Effects of Motivating Stimuli

• Opponent-process theory
• Emotions in social attachment
• A further look at addiction
• Conclusion