* not completed

. Over time, the features of an organism that indicate that it might be a tasty meal for a predator

are adaptive for the organism in an evolutionary sense. correct incorrect

become powerful S^Δ's. correct incorrect

change over time, becoming more cryptic via predation and natural selection. correct incorrect

change over time, becoming less cryptic via predation and natural selection. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Stimulus control is beneficial to an organism because it

allows the organism to improve its memory capacity. correct incorrect

allows the organism to respond efficiently by being selective. correct incorrect

contributes to the organism's capacity for complex learning. correct incorrect

contributes to the organism's attention span. correct incorrect

* not completed

. An animal's ability to respond to a novel example of a polymorphous concept

demonstrates exceptional memory capacity. correct incorrect

can be demonstrated only with a stimulus that might be naturally encountered. correct incorrect

is demonstrated by some corvids (jays and crows). correct incorrect

has to be demonstrated before one can infer that a concept has been acquired. correct incorrect

* not completed

. A young child often can recognize many common birds (e.g., robins, cardinals, blue jays, gold finches, etc.) as birds, but is stumped when presented with a picture of an exotic-looking peacock. This inability to extend the learned generalization to a novel species illustrates the _______ theory of concept learning.

transfer correct incorrect

feature correct incorrect

prototype correct incorrect

exemplar correct incorrect

* not completed

. Travis correctly identifies a painting he has not seen before as a Picasso. When asked how he recognized the painter, he points to the cubes as a characteristic element in of Picasso's paintings. Travis's behavior would support which theory of category learning?

Geon correct incorrect

Feature correct incorrect

Prototype correct incorrect

Exemplar correct incorrect

* not completed

. A pigeon is reinforced for pecking a yellow, but not a purple, key. When tested with colors similar to yellow, responding falls off gradually as the color becomes more different. Which of the following statements is true?

According to theories of attention like that of Mackintosh, this gradient would probably have been much flatter if there had been no S^Δ and no opportunity to learn the exact features of light that make it a good predictor. correct incorrect

This gradient is a natural function of the degree of similarity between stimuli. correct incorrect

The gradient would have been much steeper if there had been no S^Δ. correct incorrect

The gradient should not be affected by an S^Δ unless the S^D and S^Δ are very similar. correct incorrect

* not completed

. A pigeon is trained with two separate S^D stimuli, a tone and a yellow light. Assume that a green light serves as an S^Δ and acquires an extraordinary amount of inhibition, such that it will generalize very widely across the spectrum. What should happen to peak shift around the S^D?

Nothing. correct incorrect

It should be shifted very far toward red. correct incorrect

It will be reduced (i.e., the spread of inhibition will go past the S^D, making the excitatory gradient around the S^D very narrow). correct incorrect

It will actually reverse the peak shift, moving it to wavelengths below green. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In which situation has a "peak shift" phenomenon occurred?

Discrimination training using an orange S^D and yellow-orange S^Δ light produces maximal responding to a red stimulus. correct incorrect

Discrimination training results in a flat peak, with equal responding to the original training stimulus and several similar stimuli on either side of it. correct incorrect

Discrimination training using a loud tone and a bright light produces maximal responding to comparison tones and lights of moderate intensity. correct incorrect

Discrimination training produces two peaks in responding, one occurring at the S^D and the other at the S^Δ. correct incorrect

* not completed

. After not seeing a light that signaled food for a month, a rat now shows substantial fear to the light. What might have happened?

The rat forgot the light–food association. correct incorrect

Prospective coding made the rat anticipate that something new was going to occur. correct incorrect

Another stimulus such as a tone was paired with a shock, and the rat showed peak shift. correct incorrect

Another stimulus that also predicted food became a predictor of something fearful during the interval, and acquired equivalence led the rat to also fear the light. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which scenario illustrates perceptual learning?

A person who grows up in the country playing on the ground can readily learn to discriminate between fertile and poor soil later in life. correct incorrect

A child whose parents played only classical music in the home grows up to prefer classical music to any other kind of music. correct incorrect

A child with a significant hearing loss is helped by his speech therapist to articulate the differences in sound between the letters p and b. correct incorrect

A couple finds that working with a professional relationship counselor helps them better understand each other's perspectives and avoid arguments. correct incorrect

* not completed

. _______ is a procedure used to study working memory.

Divided attention correct incorrect

Symbolic DMTS correct incorrect

Attentional priming correct incorrect

Entropy detection correct incorrect

* not completed

. Research on rats solving the radial maze problem has found that

the rats use odor trail strength on the radial arm as a cue for selecting or not selecting the arm. correct incorrect

rats use a response strategy of always turning left or always turning right when they exit an arm to systematically visit the arms without repeating a choice. correct incorrect

changing arm location by transposing the arms of a radial maze is more disruptive than merely rotating the radial arms. correct incorrect

when the hippocampus is surgically damaged, working memory and reference memory deficits occur, with the damage to reference memory producing larger performance deficits than the damage to working memory. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In a study of scrub jays, the observation that the jays have knowledge of _______ would indicate that the birds had episodic memory.

the type of food they had cached and where they had cached it correct incorrect

where they had cached the food and when they had cached it correct incorrect

the type of food they preferred and where they had cached it correct incorrect

what they had cached, where they had cached it, and when they had cached it correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which observation about time cognition is false?

Biological clocks operate according to a repeating cycle even when environmental cues are constant or unchanging. correct incorrect

Changing environmental cues can reset or change the cycling of biological clocks. correct incorrect

Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans. correct incorrect

Biological clocks are readily entrained by external cues and can be adjusted in a relatively short period of time. correct incorrect

* not completed

. A researcher trains animals on an interval schedule using the onset of an explicit cue (e.g., light) as the signal that behavior will not be reinforced until a set amount of time has elapsed. This researcher is using the _______ procedure.

temporal generalization correct incorrect

temporal bisection correct incorrect

superposition correct incorrect

peak correct incorrect

* not completed

. According to the information processing model for timing proposed by Gibbon and Church, a hypothetical mechanism produces a timing sensation or pulse that is used to measure the amount of time that has passed. This mechanism is referred to as the

pacemaker. correct incorrect

accumulator. correct incorrect

comparator. correct incorrect

scalar. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Studies of spatial learning using blocking designs in the Morris water maze

are the source of most of our knowledge about spatial learning. correct incorrect

are superior to studies that involve radial arm mazes because they allow for better control of cues. correct incorrect

have shown that spatial learning is not susceptible to blocking. correct incorrect

have shown that geometry cues are especially salient in spatial learning, but that spatial learning also seems to follow general learning principles. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In order to determine direction or distance, some animals use an external or environmental cue that is near the goal. This is called a

dead reckoning. correct incorrect

beacon. correct incorrect

landmark. correct incorrect

scale. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which term does not belong with the others?

Microchoices correct incorrect

Locale system correct incorrect

Cognitive maps correct incorrect

Spatial learning correct incorrect

* not completed

. Awareness of one's own mental state and the use of that information to guide behavior

is called stimulus control. correct incorrect

is called discrimination learning. correct incorrect

is called metacognition. correct incorrect

is a human capacity not yet demonstrated in animals. correct incorrect