* not completed

. Which phenomenon contains effects that appear inconsistent with the assumption that the laws of learning are general?

Taste aversion learning correct incorrect

Blocking correct incorrect

Relative validity effects correct incorrect

Latent inhibition learning correct incorrect

* not completed

. According to Seligman, when evolution does not favor the learning of an association, that association is

contraprepared. correct incorrect

undisposed. correct incorrect

prepared. correct incorrect

conditionally prepared. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following was not a special characteristic that appeared to make taste aversion learning a unique form of learning?

Learning that was strong after just one CS–US pairing correct incorrect

Learning that was strong even when delay or trace conditioning procedures were used correct incorrect

Learning that prevented or minimized extinction effects and spontaneous recovery correct incorrect

Learning that was determined by the qualitative features of the CS correct incorrect

* not completed

. Learning can sometimes occur with an unusually long delay between stimuli, particularly in taste aversion, which was a problem for the generality of the laws of learning. This problem was mediated by which observation?

Under some conditions taste and illness are no more associable than a taste and shock. correct incorrect

Taste aversion learning is less susceptible to latent inhibition than other forms of learning. correct incorrect

There are fewer relevant interfering stimuli that can occur between a taste and an illness than between most other CS's and US's. correct incorrect

Rats that remain in a maze during a long delay before receiving the reward learn surprisingly well. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Research has shown that learned safety to taste cues is analogous to

conditioned inhibition, because a safe cue can partially nullify a dangerous one. correct incorrect

conditioned excitation, because safety is an active process that induces drinking. correct incorrect

latent inhibition, because it is difficult to make a latently inhibited flavor dangerous. correct incorrect

habituation, because a safe cue has to be one that was once dangerous. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Hedonic shift refers to

a change in the type of outcome associated with a CS (e.g., aversive to appetitive) during discrimination training. correct incorrect

a change in the value or appeal of a taste as a result of its being paired with a pleasant or unpleasant outcome. correct incorrect

the reduction in preference for a given taste that occurs from extensive exposure to that taste and no opportunity to experience other tastes. correct incorrect

response interaction or competition that occurs when appetitive and aversive motivation is used in the same group of subjects. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which behavior provides the best example of what happens in a taste-reactivity test?

The subject is willing to continue pressing the lever for a preferred food despite an ever-increasing response requirement to get the food (e.g., 5 presses, 15 presses, 40 presses). correct incorrect

The subject drinks more sweet-flavored water than plain water. correct incorrect

The subject produces disgust responses (e.g., a dog snorts, wrinkles nose, gapes, retches) when exposed to an unpleasant taste and pleasure responses (e.g., sniffing, salivating, licking mouth) when exposed to a pleasant taste. correct incorrect

The subject engages in approach responses when exposed to an appetitive outcome and withdrawal responses when exposed to an aversive outcome. correct incorrect

* not completed

. If taste aversion learning produces a visceral, noncognitive association that changes the hedonic value of a flavor, then

increasing or decreasing the intensity of the US after taste aversion has been learned should increase or decrease the strength of the aversion. correct incorrect

adapting the subject to the training US by making it less pleasant or aversive after the taste aversion has been learned should not affect the strength of the taste aversion. correct incorrect

once a taste aversion or taste preference has been learned, it should be impossible to change the hedonic value of the flavor. correct incorrect

we should see a differences in the rates and strength of conditioning in human versus nonhuman animals. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Compound potentiation seems analogous to _______ in conditioned taste aversion.

overshadowing correct incorrect

conditioned suppression correct incorrect

US reevaluation correct incorrect

CS salience enhancement correct incorrect

* not completed

. In a conditioned taste aversion study, we are most likely to see compound potentiation when a salient _______ is paired with a less salient _______.

light; odor correct incorrect

light; tone correct incorrect

flavor; tone correct incorrect

flavor; odor correct incorrect

* not completed

. An exaptation is

an inherited functional trait that was not selected for the function it currently performs. correct incorrect

a stimulus whose salience is so weak that it cannot be conditioned or potentiated. correct incorrect

an inherited trait that gradually disappears because it is not adaptive in the long or short term. correct incorrect

a learned association that is so adaptive that it is passed on to each generation during parenting. correct incorrect

* not completed

. The term "module" refers to

a gene that becomes functional and controls a set of behaviors when the animal is mature. correct incorrect

a group of inherited behaviors that occur in an organized manner to solve a problem (e.g., courtship). correct incorrect

a specialized cognitive mechanism that has evolved to handle a specific type of input. correct incorrect

a group of inherited behaviors that solve the same problem for a variety of species. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In a hypothetical classical conditioning study, three CSs (L = light, T = tone, and B = buzzer) and a US (shock) are used to test the relative validity of T. Based on the kinds of CS-US pairings below, which group would show the greatest relative validity for the tone CS?

LT + US; BT, no US correct incorrect

LB + US; BT, no US correct incorrect

LT + US; LT, no US correct incorrect

LT + US; L, no US; T, no US correct incorrect

* not completed

. Ethologists and psychologists would likely find common ground in the assumption that

evolutionary forces become less important as we move from simple, one-celled animals to invertebrates to vertebrates. correct incorrect

learning capacity places limits on the extent to which a species can evolve. correct incorrect

evolution is functional learning because it is the only way behavior can be transmitted from one generation to the next. correct incorrect

learning is capable of modifying and enhancing inherited behaviors and predispositions. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following fundamental phenomena have researchers failed to demonstrate in honeybees?

Paradoxical reward effects correct incorrect

Blocking and overshadowing correct incorrect

Conditioned inhibition correct incorrect

Short-term memory correct incorrect

* not completed

. A successive negative contrast effect occurs when

a subject is intermittently and unpredictably rewarded and punished for the same behavior. correct incorrect

the value of a given reward depends on a discrepancy between the reward that is received and the reward that was expected. correct incorrect

a subject first becomes addicted to a drug and then experiences withdrawal symptoms when deprived of the drug. correct incorrect

a subject that is well-behaved in a certain context misbehaves in a different context. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In connectionist models, the delta rule is analogous to

CS and US intensity effects. correct incorrect

CS and US temporal parameter effects. correct incorrect

the A2 state in Wagner's SOP model. correct incorrect

the method for changing associative strength in the Rescorla-Wagner model. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which learning theory approach best describes learning about causes?

Wagner's SOP, because it describes mental events correct incorrect

No particular approach, because all associative learning theories are challenged by the problem of how to represent causal power. correct incorrect

Connectionist modeling, because it is also effective for category learning correct incorrect

A hidden unit approach within connectionist modeling, because it allows for solving complex reasoning problems like negative patterning correct incorrect

* not completed

. You initially learn to like a certain high-calorie meal, but after being made ill by the same meal, you dislike it and never like it again. Your learning network has likely suffered

from insufficient hidden units. correct incorrect

from too few connections. correct incorrect

catastrophic interference. correct incorrect

propositional reasoning. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the biggest problem with the probabilistic contrast model?

Focal sets cannot always be precisely determined a priori. correct incorrect

Focal sets differ in terms of which cues (elements, compounds, etc.) are relevant in a given situation. correct incorrect

It predicts trial order effects when the order in which events are experienced is irrelevant in determining how to respond. correct incorrect

We cannot possibly store enough information to accurately calculate the relevant probabilities. correct incorrect