Chapter 5 Quiz

. The term "memory reactivation" refers to

retraining procedures that restore the forgotten memory.

retraining procedures that change the original meaning of the forgotten memory.

procedures that facilitate retrieval of the forgotten memory.

a memory that occurs inappropriately and is no longer triggered by a specific CS.

. Which term refers to a situation in which memories may be forgotten because recently learned memories block or conflict with access to older memories?

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference

Encoding failure

Trace decay

. In the first training phase of a study, a rat is trained to expect food whenever a light flashes. In a second training phase, the rat receives food whenever the left key light is illuminated but no food when the right key light is illuminated. The rat has some difficulty learning the association in the second training phase, likely because of

retroactive interference.

proactive interference.

encoding failure.

trace decay.

. Kevin likes to study chemistry while listening to his favorite band on his iPod. When he goes to take his first chemistry exam, he finds that his professor does not allow students to listen to their iPods while taking the test. During the test Kevin has difficulty remembering some of the chemistry information he studied, likely because of

proactive interference.

retroactive interference.

trace decay.

retrieval failure.

. Which of the following is least likely to be the cause of forgetting?

Encoding failure

Proactive interference

Retroactive interference

Retrieval failure

. A renewal effect can best be characterized as

exaggerated responding in a context that is different from the original training context.

reacquisition of responding at a faster rate than the original learning after extinction training in the same context.

a recurrence of responding when the subject is tested outside the context in which extinction occurred.

the effect that the retrieval of memories learned in one context has on the subject's responding in a different context.

. A student who has completed treatment for test anxiety visits her teacher for some tutoring. The teacher asks questions about the material that the student is not prepared to answer, and the student becomes flustered and embarrassed. When the student takes the next scheduled quiz, she may experience a bout of test anxiety due to _______ of the anxiety that was aroused during the tutoring session.

spontaneous recovery

reinstatement

rapid reacquisition

retraining

. Memories are thought to require protein synthesis in the brain, a process referred to as

encoding.

trace encoding.

consolidation.

stability.

. When a memory is retrieved, it is thought to be in a state in which it can be changed and must be _______ to be made stable again.

encoded

reconsolidated

consolidated

rehearsed

. To help with his high blood pressure Travis is taking kickboxing classes for exercise. Last week he got his nose bloodied by Sam, and whenever anyone mentions Sam, he gets anxious. This week he began taking propranolol, as prescribed by his doctor to help with the high blood pressure. He feels very anxious when Sam comes into kickboxing class, but they do not practice together, and for the rest of the week Travis feels no anxiety about Sam. What could have happened?

Travis experienced proactive interference.

Travis did not reconsolidate his memory of Sam hitting him in the nose.

Travis became habituated to Sam during the second exposure.

Travis forgot that Sam bloodied his nose because he did not reconsolidate his memory.

. Researchers use the term "modulation of behavior" to refer to the observation that

the subject is learning an association.

subjects continue to receive training long after they have learned the association.

the expression of associations depends on more than just the CS.

subjects experience response fatigue or sensory adaptation and quit responding.

. An occasion setter

increases the ambiguity of another cue because it contradicts its meaning.

reduces the ambiguity of another cue by signaling a contradictory meaning.

can reduce the ambiguity of another cue, even if the meaning of the cue is the opposite of that of the occasion setter.

reduces the ambiguity of another cue by summing its own association with that of the other cue.

. Researchers have found that children of parents with alcoholism learn to predict the parents' behavioral tendencies. For example, when a child interacts with a parent and detects the smell of alcohol, the child knows that the parent will not prepare a meal; when the child detects no alcohol, the child knows that the parent will prepare a meal and perform other parental functions. Alcohol is therefore a _______ in a _______ discrimination.

target; feature-positive

feature; feature-negative

target; feature-negative

feature; feature-positive

. Vending machines typically are illuminated to signal to potential customers that they are in working order and able to deliver their products. Since most vending machines offer a number of product options (e.g., six kinds of soda), a little red light on an option's key panel is illuminated when that particular item is sold out. The little red light is a _______ and the product label is a _______ in a _______ discrimination.

target; feature; feature-negative

target; feature; feature-positive

feature; target; feature-negative

feature; target; feature-positive

. To test the meaning of an occasion setter in a serial, feature-negative discrimination, a food-cup entry procedure is used with rats. In the first phase of the study, a buzzer is followed by food, while a buzzer preceded by a flashing light is followed by no food. In a second phase of training, the flashing light alone is paired with food. When the flashing light is again presented with the buzzer, the occasion-setting model predicts that we should see

no food-cup entry.

bursts of food-cup entry intermixed with periods of no responding.

a high sustained rate of food-cup entry.

a low sustained rate of food-cup entry.

. On trials in which the US occurs, a light precedes a tone. On no-US trials, the tone alone is present. Later, the light is changed into a conditioned inhibitor for the US. When light is presented prior to the tone, animals still respond as if the US were forthcoming. The likely conclusion is that

the light must be an occasion setter.

the light could be an occasion setter, or the light and tone could be forming a configural cue.

the observations must be faulty, since a stimulus cannot simultaneously facilitate and suppress responding based on the same US.

the light has residual excitation.

. In response to scary music preceding a gory moment in a slasher movie, you grab your friend's leg and elicit a powerful scream from the friend. Why did your friend scream so loudly?

The scary music is an occasion setter for the meaning of leg-grabbing.

Grabbing the leg during the scary music releases your friend from compensatory responding, allowing the friend to scream.

The friend must have experienced such leg-grabbing in the past before viewing gory moments, resulting in conditioning.

Fear elicited by the scary music modulated the UR elicited by having the leg grabbed, a response known as fear-potentiated startle.

. Significant challenges to the stimulus-substitution perspective on classical conditioning are posed by data supporting which of the following phenomena?

Blocking and trace taste-aversion learning

CS influence of the CR and compensatory responses

CS influence of the US and configural conditioning effects

Occasion-setting and configural-conditioning effects

. The McCollough effect occurs when

the CS influences the form of the US.

blocking and overshadowing occur with compensatory responses.

negative visual afterimages are conditioned to the CS.

the context blocks configural conditioning or occasion setting.

. Eikelboom and Stewart proposed a resolution to the compensatory response–stimulus substitution problem by distinguishing between

effects produced by the US and the body's response to those effects.

compensatory responses linked between the CS and the A2 state, and traditional responses linked to the A1 state.

the central and peripheral nervous system.

the CR and the UR.

. A 30-second train of clicks signals to rats that food will be delivered in 2 minutes. On other trials, a 30-second tone signals that food will be delivered at the end of the tone. The experimenters observe that the rats sniff all the corners of their box during the clicks and place their heads in and out of the food cup during the tones. This pattern of behaviors is most consistent with

Wagner's SOP, as it can explain the effects of timing on acquisition.

conditioned compensatory responses.

a behavior systems approach to conditioning.

occasion setting.

. Which statements about panic disorder and agoraphobia is false?

As panic attacks worsen and the fear of experiencing them increases, the probability of developing agoraphobia increases.

Distal cues appear according to the severity of the actual panic attack, whereas proximal cues regulate the amount of fear experienced.

Distal cues are assumed to facilitate the worsening of symptoms through the potentiation of proximal cues.

Proximal interoceptive cues can be generated by the panic attack.

Chapter 5 Quiz

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