Chapter 3 Quiz

. The unconditional stimulus is

an event that naturally elicits a reliable and measurable response.

a learned event that elicits a reliable and measurable response.

an event that does not initially elicit a response but will do so after it has been presented a few times.

an event that will elicit a reliable and measurable response after the subject has been preexposed to the event.

. In most conditioning studies,

there are only a few stimuli present that could potentially enter into the developing associative relationship.

there are a variety of stimuli present that could potentially enter into the developing associative relationship.

there are a variety of stimuli present, but the researcher prevents irrelevant stimuli from entering into the developing associative relationship.

the researcher eliminates all irrelevant stimuli and exposes the subject to only the relevant stimuli.

. The conditional stimulus is a(n)

innate trigger.

sign stimulus or releaser.

stimulus that can produce no response on its own

learned trigger.

. Mom always prepares food in the kitchen. Hungry children follow her whenever she goes into the kitchen. In this scenario, Mom is the

unconditional stimulus.

unconditional response.

conditional stimulus.

conditional response.

. A dog handler who has paired a click sound made by a metallic clicker with food observes that the dog will also react to the snapping of her fingers or a clicking sound she makes with her mouth. The dog's response to similar auditory cues is an example of

spontaneous recovery.

acquisition.

generalization.

habituation.

. You and your new friend Scott go for a drive and are pulled over by the police. The officer comes to your window and apologizes for scaring you, but is a friend of Scott and wanted to talk to him for a few moments. Despite not getting a ticket, you still feel anxious driving with Scott because you associate him with being pulled over by the police. This response suggests that an _______ association was formed when you were first pulled over.

S-R

S-S

R-S

R-R

. S-S learning is also referred to as _______ learning.

response substitution

stimulus substitution

stimulus-response

response-stimulus

. If the response to the US changes, the response to the CS also changes. This observation best supports the conclusion that associations

form between stimuli and responses.

form between stimuli and responses, but responses elicited by the stimuli can be modified.

form between stimuli and stimuli.

depend on a memory for the CS.

. You buy a new "WhizBrand" laptop computer with an extra-large monitor from "Shiny Vision." You take your computer to work, and shortly after moving all your files and deleting them from your old computer, your WhizBrand computer crashes and destroys all your data. You will never buy a WhizBrand again, and you also avoid Shiny Vision monitors. Why might you fear the Shiny Vision monitors?

Generalization

Second order conditioning

Sensory preconditioning

Blocking

. At your elementary school, there was a bell in the classroom that told you when it was lunchtime. At middle school a clock on the wall indicated it was time to change class, which was also signaled by a bell. Every time you looked at the clock in high school, you felt hungry. You were affected by

stimulus generalization.

higher order conditioning.

sensory preconditioning.

conditioned emotional responding.

. Which of the following is not a typical feature of effective conditioned-suppression preparations?

Lengthy CS duration

Only a few CS-US conditioning trials

Longer CS-US intervals

Many trials in order to eliminate escape responses and observe freezing

. The _______ method requires the fewest trials to obtain conditioning, while the _______ method requires the most trials.

taste aversion; eyeblink

autoshaping; magazine conditioning

CER; eyeblink

appetitive conditioning; autoshaping

. As you are driving your younger brother to basketball practice, he notices that the wheels of the truck in front of your car have thrown up a rock. Milliseconds after the rock hits the windshield your brother yells "incoming!" Later, the word "incoming" can elicit a _______ expectation that a rock will hit the windshield because of the phenomenon of _______.

very strong; delay conditioning

moderately strong; delay conditioning

weak; backward conditioning

weak or strong, depending on how loudly the word was yelled; simultaneous conditioning

. In the classic horror movie Psycho, distinctive high-pitched violin music plays before and during each vicious stabbing by the psychotic killer. Since watching the movie, you experience an increased heart rate whenever you hear the Psycho music. This phenomenon is an example of _______ conditioning.

delay

backward

trace

simultaneous

. Preexposing a subject to a CS or US

increases the effectiveness of the stimulus in forming associations by removing interfering responses associated with novelty.

decreases the effectiveness of the stimulus in forming associations.

has no effect on the salience or effectiveness of the stimulus in forming a classical association.

has a negative effect on delay, trace, or backward conditioning, but no effect on simultaneous conditioning.

. _______ counteracts an excitatory association.

The removal of novelty

Backward conditioning

Blocking

Conditioned inhibition

. When a CS has become a conditioned inhibitor, researchers assume that to the subject, the CS now signals "no US." Which evidence best supports that conclusion?

A conditioned inhibitor conditions more slowly than a preexposed CS.

A conditioned inhibitor will suppress a CR to a different CS conditioned with the same US.

A preexposed (i.e., not novel) CS will interfere with responding to a different CS.

The inhibitor acts like a preexposed CS, which indicates that nothing particular will occur and thus produces no behavior.

. When a researcher presents both the CS and US at irregular and nonoptimal timing intervals, subjects can learn that the CS predicts that the US will not happen. This inhibitory conditioning procedure is most like _______ inhibition.

differential

conditioned

backward

explicitly unpaired

. A negative contingency is a situation in which

neither a CS nor a US will occur.

a CS but not a US will occur.

a US will occur during the presentation of the CS as well as when the CS is absent.

a CS is paired with an aversive US.

. In an experiment with rats, a researcher first pairs a light with a shock for 20 trials, and then pairs a light-and-tone compound with the same shock. When the rats are tested with trials of the tone only, the light only, and the light-tone compound only, the researcher finds that the subjects show fear responses with

the light only, the tone only, and the light-tone compound.

the light only, but not the tone only or the light-tone compound.

the light only and the light-tone compound, but not the tone only.

the light-tone compound, but not the tone only or the light only.

. For blocking to occur,

one CS must be more intense than another.

the CSs must be of relatively equal intensity.

the US must be expected.

the US must be unexpected.

. For overshadowing to occur,

one CS must be more intense than another.

the CSs must be of relatively equal intensity.

the US must be expected.

the US must be unexpected.

Chapter 3 Quiz

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