Chapter 2 Quiz

. Which term does not belong with the others?

Ethology

Innate

Fitness

Experience

. Which of the following studies would not be conducted by ethologists?

A comparison of the fossil records of related species

A comparison of the natural behaviors of related species

A field experiment to study natural behaviors

A study to evaluate the benefit or survival value of innate behaviors

. The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

more similar to each other.

more likely to have offspring that reproduce.

likely to live longer.

bigger, faster, or stronger.

. Fixed action patterns occur when

behavior has been reinforced consistently.

sign stimuli are presented.

classically conditioned stimuli are presented.

habituation has taken place.

. Whether or not a behavior is innate can be difficult to establish because

all members of a species may engage in the behavior because of learning.

innate behaviors are not modifiable.

only fixed action patterns are innate.

all behaviors are susceptible to reinforcement and punishment.

. Which of the following is an example of habituation?

Better enjoyment of perfume or cologne shortly after application

Increased sensitivity to tornado sirens after first-hand experience of a tornado

Reduced tendency to startle when the end-of-class bell rings at the end of the semester as opposed to at the beginning of the semester

Increased tendency to become anxious around dogs after getting bitten by one

. Which statement best describes habituation?

Habituation occurs in all animal species.

Habituation is a simple form of associative learning.

Habituation occurs only with extensive instrumental practice.

Habituation occurs with simple intense stimuli but not complex stimuli.

. Following a behavior with a desirable event would be called a(n) _______ procedure.

omission

escape

law of effect

positive reinforcement

. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

A trainer pairs a clicker sound with a food treat.

A student receives 10 dollars for every A on her report card, 5 dollars for every B, and 2 dollars for every C.

A puppy no longer cries during the night after being in its new home for two weeks.

A judge reduces a fine by 25 dollars for every hour of community service performed.

. Escape is said to occur when a subject

responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring.

engages in a behavior and is presented with an aversive event.

experiences an aversive event and engages in a behavior that removes that event.

engages in a behavior and does not experience any outcome.

. Avoidance is said to occur when a subject

responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring.

engages in a behavior and is presented with an aversive event.

experiences an aversive event and then engages in a behavior that removes that event.

engages in a behavior and does not receive any outcome.

. When Sasha gets ready to walk her puppy, the puppy sometimes resists the leash by squirming. In response to this behavior, Sasha stops what she is doing, stands up straight, crosses her arms, and looks away, conspicuously ignoring the puppy. Sasha is using the procedure of _______ to reduce the dog's tendency to misbehave.

omission

escape

punishment

avoidance

. Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

an aversive stimulus is removed

a desirable event occurs

a desirable outcome is removed

an aversive event occurs

. Shaping is a procedure used in _______ conditioning to gradually _______.

classical; increase the intensity of the outcome

classical; modify how the S is presented over trials

instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or time of delivery of the outcome

instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or kind of response produced

. When an animal or human experiences a taste or odor that is associated with illness, they learn to avoid contact with that taste or odor in the future. This conditioning procedure is referred to as

sign tracking.

fear conditioning.

taste aversion learning.

conditioned compensatory responding.

. Sam's kickboxing gym gives current members a credit for one month's membership fees for every two new members they refer to the gym. To date, Sam has earned three months of credit on his athletic club fees. The gym then discontinues the membership credit program, and Sam's referrals quickly decline to zero. This change in Sam's behavior is most likely due to

omission.

punishment.

avoidance.

extinction.

. Which example illustrates spontaneous recovery?

Paul tries to log onto a computer that was not working the day before.

Sarah decides to take a different route to class to avoid smelling the freshly baked bread from a bakery.

Steve is given the opportunity to take a make-up quiz because he notified his teacher in advance of his impending absence.

Jesse attempts a new style of painting when his previous attempts fail to produce the desired results.

. Travis drinks several beers in the same bar every weekend without consequence. One Saturday he sees some friends in the bar as he walks by. He stops in to say "Hello," but does not have a beer. As he is about to leave, he begins to feel nauseated and has a bad headache, as if he had a hangover. Travis could be experiencing

conditioned taste aversion learning.

positive sign tracking.

negative sign tracking.

conditioned compensatory responding.

. In general, classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when

the time between R-O or S-O is short.

the time between R-O or S-O is long (because there is less interference from other responses produced by O).

the size or intensity of the O is small, because large Os produce competing responses.

the size or intensity of the O is small, reducing the impact of competing O responses.

. The issue of preparedness in learning is connected to

the age at which we attempt to train an animal or human.

the particular size, type, frequency, duration, and timing of the O that will be used in the conditioning procedure.

whether the selected behavior tends to be easy or hard to learn based on the organism's evolutionary predisposition.

whether we use classical or instrumental procedures to achieve behavioral change.

Chapter 2 Quiz

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