Chapter 10 Quiz

. The two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

the subject learns an instrumental contingency, which then regulates the learning of the Pavlovian contingency.

the subject learns a Pavlovian contingency, which then regulates the learning of the instrumental contingency.

the subject must first learn to escape the aversive outcome before it can learn to avoid that outcome.

an innate fear response must first be triggered by a releasing stimulus, and then the avoidance response can be paired with its removal.

. Analyze the following statements and identify which ones express the key assumptions of the two-factor theory.

(1) Escape learning must precede avoidance learning. (2). There is a direct relationship between the intensity of the aversive outcome and the strength of the avoidance response.

(1) In order for a warning signal to demonstrate its fear-evoking capacity it must suppress responding in an appetitive task. (2) In order for a warning signal to demonstrate its fear-evoking capacity it must also be difficult to countercondition into a signal for an appetitive outcome.

(1) Avoidance responding is not susceptible to extinction and can be eliminated only by punishment. (2) Fear of the warning stimulus is greater earlier in training and reduced later in training as its meaning is better understood.

(1) Terminating the warning signal produces reinforcement. (2) The avoidance response is correlated with the strength of the fear response.

. Escaping a cue paired with shock can reinforce

only natural avoidance behaviors.

a variety of behaviors, showing conditioned fear to be an acquired drive.

a variety of behaviors, creating new conditioned SSDRs.

a variety of behaviors as long as shocks still sometimes occur.

. Which scenario illustrates a response–prevention procedure?

An overly aggressive hockey player is sent to the penalty box and not allowed to return to the ice for 15 minutes.

A socially anxious student is not allowed to clutch a "lucky charm" while making a class presentation.

A football player who has suffered a serious concussion is not allowed to play for six weeks.

A puppy bites a little boy who is playing with it too roughly.

. Sidman avoidance

presents a challenge to two-factor theory, but only when time cues are not considered.

is strong evidence for two-factor theory regardless of whether or not time cues are considered.

can be expected to work only when time cues are considered.

only works when the avoidance response starts as an escape response, but is nevertheless consistent with two-factor theory.

. Research on SSDRs has shown that

many assumed instrumental avoidance responses are behaviors elicited by Pavlovian cues.

slow avoidance learning is likely to be an elicited SSDR.

punishment quickly eliminates an SSDR.

classically conditioned aversion responses do not resemble instrumental avoidance responses.

. The perceptual-defensive-recuperative model assumes that

SSDRs elicit recuperative behaviors and the production of endorphins.

the motivational state of fear enhances pain and triggers other behaviors.

stimuli in the environment determine the particular SSDR that occurs.

only predators or events similar to naturally occurring events will elicit SSDRs.

. According to two-factor theory, you are more likely to slow down when a police car pulls up behind you if the police car

continues to follow you for some distance after you slow down.

turns off onto another road as soon as you slow down.

follows you and then turn on its blue lights.

intermittently flashes its lights.

. If a warning stimulus remains on after the avoidance response, avoidance learning can be facilitated by

using spaced versus massed trial training procedures.

presenting another stimulus right after the response.

presenting a Pavlovian excitatory CS when the response occurs.

presenting the aversive stimulus after the warning stimulus, as in an ordinary conditioning trial.

. Learned helplessness can occur when the subject

receives multiple punishments with a very intense aversive stimulus for a single misbehavior.

experiences a warning signal for an intense aversive stimulus that does not end when the response is made.

receives uncontrollable presentations of an aversive stimulus on multiple occasions.

learns that a particular occasion setter means that responding will not prevent the aversive stimulus.

. In the first phase of training, a rat placed in an operant chamber receives shocks regardless of what it does. In the second phase of training the rat is placed on a running wheel and can avoid receiving a shock by moving the wheel one complete revolution. To the extent that the rat has difficulty learning that response, we could argue that generalized _______ decreases the subject's ability to learn the response-outcome contingency.

learned irrelevance

instrumental blocking

conditioned inhibition

response interference

. Learned helplessness has been put forth as a valid model for understanding

schizophrenia.

psychic amnesias.

phobias.

depression.

. Suppose you reward your dog with a bone every time it brings you the newspaper. When instinctive drift kicks in, your dog will

begin to wait in the kitchen without bringing the paper.

begin to bury the newspaper.

begin to carry the bone out to the driveway.

attack the paperboy.

. A fine-grained analysis of behavior patterns that occur when food is delivered at fixed intervals, regardless of behavior, revealed that different subjects engage in a variety of behaviors for a brief period of time after the delivery of a reward. These idiosyncratic behavior patterns among different subjects are referred to as _______ behaviors.

interim

terminal

displacement

recuperative

. You are pulled over by the police and receive an enormous fine for speeding on Prospect Street. Now you avoid driving on Prospect Street because

the punishment strongly involves S-O learning.

you associate speeding with the ticket.

you are immunized against associating speeding with the ticket, and thus Prospect Street was conditioned.

the fine for speeding set the occasion for Prospect Street to be aversive.

. The misbehavior of organisms demonstrates that

behavior is controlled by its consequences, particularly superstitious "misbehaviors."

behavior is as much elicited by its antecedents as controlled by its consequences. Thus misbehavior is the result of a trainer's poor understanding of behavior.

a trainer's concentration is critical in order to avoid causing superstition and misbehavior.

Pavlovian behavior is superseded by instrumental contingencies.

. Travis's partner cheated on him. Once a powerful reinforcer his partner, has been "devalued." Travis no longer picks up the phone to call his partner because he has developed _______ in his experiences with his partner.

an S-O association

an R-O associations

an S-(R-O) association

negative automaintenance

. Travis's partner cheated on him. Once a powerful reinforcer, his partner has been "devalued." Travis avoids the phone when it rings. This avoidance is likely due to

S-O associations.

R-O associations.

S-(R-O) associations.

S-R associations.

. Travis's partner cheated on him. Once a powerful reinforcer his partner, has been "devalued." After a long day of work on Friday, Travis suddenly finds that he has driven to his partner's house. This behavior was likely the result of

S-O associations.

R-O associations.

S-(R-O) associations.

S-R associations.

. The hippocampus seems to be involved in _______ learning, while the caudate nucleus is necessary for the expression of _______.

S-S; R-O

S-R; Habit

habit; Place

place; Habit

Chapter 10 Quiz

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