Avoidance Learning

• The puzzle and solution: Two-factor theory
• Problems with two-factor theory
• Species-specific defense reactions
• Cognitive factors in avoidance learning
• Learned helplessness
• Summary: What does it all mean?

Parallels in Appetitive Learning

• The misbehavior of organisms
• Superstition revisited
• A general role for stimulus learning in response learning situations
• Punishment
• Summary: What does it all mean?

A Cognitive Analysis of Instrumental Action

• Knowledge of the R-O relation
• Knowledge of the S-O relation
• S-(R-O) learning (occasion setting)
• S-R and “habit” learning