Chapter 1 Quiz

. Learning is a process that is presumed to be due to

evolution.

experience.

development.

maturation.

. Which statement best illustrates or defines the concept of hedonism?

Animal behavior is controlled by physical laws, but human behavior is determined by free will.

A chick moves toward its mother for warmth and avoids an open door to the cold.

Genetics and environmental experiences interact to produce behavior.

Bob refuses to eat eggplant.

. According to the philosophical perspective of empiricism,

animal behavior is controlled by physical laws, but human behavior is determined by free will.

all organisms seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

genetics and environmental experiences interact to produce behavior.

ideas and mind are developed entirely from experience.

. A therapist tells a client that all troubling thoughts and feelings are learned, and that they can therefore be overcome by setting up appropriate contingencies in the client's environment. This therapist is a(n)

empiricist.

rationalist.

atomist.

dualist.

. A therapist tells a client that all of his troubles are caused by a set of assumptions in his mind. Thus, the troubles can be overcome by discussing the problem and figuring out the solution in a conversation. The therapist is a(n)

empiricist.

dualist.

rationalist.

behaviorist.

. Darwin's theory of evolution assumes that _______ change(s) through evolution.

only physiology

only mental capacities

physiology and mental capacities only in animals

both physiology and mental capacities in animals and humans

. Jack explains his cat's annoying meowing near the refrigerator as a simple response-outcome association (R-O learning) that was established by the cat's being fed in response to the meowing. Tim says that the cat believes that the meowing itself causes the door to be opened. Jack, but not Tim, seems to be operating according to the precepts of

Occam's Razor.

Morgan's Canon.

rationalist thinking.

Watsonian behaviorism.

. Which individual is least associated with the study of instrumental or operant learning?

Edward Thorndike

John Watson

Edward Tolman

Ivan Sechenov

. R-O learning is most associated with

operant conditioning.

classical conditioning.

maze learning.

Clark Hull.

. John Watson argued that learning could be best understood by studying

self-reports obtained from acutely introspective individuals.

the effects of intervening variables on behavior.

directly observable and measurable behaviors.

the antecedents and consequences of behaviors.

. Assume an association is formed between stimuli present when a response is made and food, warmth, or sex. Because of this association, the response will be seen again in the presence of the stimuli. The association is therefore

a response-outcome association.

an intervening variable.

reinforcing.

the consequence of behavior.

. According to B. F. Skinner's behavioral perspective, learning can be best understood by studying

self-reports obtained from acutely introspective individuals.

the effects of intervening variables on behavior.

directly observable and measurable behaviors.

the antecedents and consequences of behaviors.

. Tracy knows that she can get a good connection to the internet at Bill's Coffee Shop and download her favorite music there. Which association(s) explain that knowledge?

Stimulus-outcome

Stimulus-response

Response-outcome

An association between a stimulus and a response-outcome association

. Bob gets very angry in many situations, leading to considerable attention from his friends. It is likely that

Bob's behavior is controlled by S-O associations.

any effort to get Bob under control will have to include removing him from situations that trigger his anger.

any effort to get Bob under control will need to involve the cooperation and participation of his friends.

Bob's problem is genetic.

. Which term could not be used to describe classical conditioning?

Reflexive

Antecedent controlled

Innate

Learned

. Which term could not be used to describe instrumental conditioning?

Reflexive

Voluntary

Consequence controlled

Learned

. Learning a language, learning how to dance, and learning how catch a ball are all examples of _______ behaviors.

innate

reflexive

classically conditioned

instrumentally conditioned

. Learning that a skull-and-crossbones sign means poison, that sour smelling milk is spoiled, and that a certain cologne belongs to a loved one are all _______ behaviors.

voluntary

consequence-controlled

classically conditioned

instrumentally conditioned

. Which of the following is not a reason that animals are used as research models?

With animals, researchers can use invasive, aversive, or enduring events as consequences.

The experiences and genetics of animals can be controlled.

Fundamental, general learning processes occur in a vast array of species.

Using animals as research models allows researchers to compare the importance of language in different species.

. Which statement about contemporary psychological perspectives is true?

Connectionist perspectives have replaced information processing models in cognitive and learning psychology.

Radical behaviorism is the dominant model in modern learning psychology.

Modern learning psychologists use a variety of cognitive constructs, such as memory and attention, as well as simple associations in their explanations.

Classical and instrumental conditioning typically occur separately, and associations are learned less effectively when both occur.

Chapter 1 Quiz

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