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On Theories of Justice:
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, in vol. 10 of the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), chap. 5.
Eric Mack and Gerald F. Gaus, “Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism: The Liberty Tradition,” in G. F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas, eds., Handbook of Political Theory (London: Sage, 2004), 115–30.
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), chap. 7, 149–82.
John Rawls, “Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory” (The Dewey Lectures), Journal of Philosophy 77 (1980).
Michael Walzer, “The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,” Political Theory 18 (1990): 6–23.
Amartya K. Sen, “Capability and Well-Being,” in Martha C. Nussbaum and Amartya K. Sen, eds., The Quality of Life (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
Martha Nussbaum, “Human Dignity and Political Entitlements,” in President’s Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President’s Council on Bioethics (Washington, DC: President’s Council, March 2008).
Bernard Williams, “The Idea of Equality,” in Hugo Bedau, ed., Justice and Equality (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971).
On Rationing Health Care and Distributing Scarce Resources:
Daniel Callahan, “Aging and the Ends of Medicine,” in Daniel Callahan and G. R. Dunston, eds., Biomedical Ethics: An Anglo-American Dialogue (New York: Academy of Sciences, 1988).
Norman G. Levinsky, “Age as a Criterion for Rationing Health Care,” New England Journal of Medicine 322, no. 25 (June 21, 1990): 1813–15.
Joseph Boyle, “Should Age Make a Difference in Health Care Entitlement?” in Luke Gormally, ed., The Dependent Elderly: Autonomy, Justice and Quality Care (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 147–56.
Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler, “Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation?” Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (1991): 1295–98.
Benjamin C. Cohen, et al., “Alcoholics and Liver Transplantation,” Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (1991): 1299–1301.
Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Alan Wertheimer, “Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine When Not All Can?” Science 312 (2006): 854–55.
Kenneth Kipnis, “Vulnerability in Research Subjects: An Analytical Approach,” in David C. Thomasman and David N. Weisstub, eds., The Variables of Moral Capacity (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2004), 217–31.
Movies:
Whose Kidney Is It Anyway? Directed by Robert Davis. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 1996
“A father has two sons with inherited kidney disease. He is the only relative who is a match for both sons. The family elected that the younger, and more seriously ill, son should receive one of the father’s kidneys, and he did in a successful transplant. But the elder son nearly died after a failed transplant from another source. The father now wishes to donate his other kidney to his elder son and go on a dialysis machine himself. Should the doctors let him go ahead?”
Discussions in Bioethics: “A Critical Choice.” Directed by Jefferson Lewis. Santa Monica, CA: Pyramid Film & Video, 1985
“One of a series of short, open-ended dramas designed to stimulate discussion of values and ethics in relation to modern medical technology. The film considers the cost of high-risk organ transplants and the allocation of scarce medical resources. A child is in need of a liver transplant. The child has only a 40% chance of surviving with the transplant, but a 100% chance of dying without it. How should society’s limited medical dollars be spent?”
A Heart for Jo? Produced and directed by Jill Fullerton-Smith. New York: First Run/Icarus Films, 1996
“Follows the challenges of 13-year-old Joanne, who needs a heart and lung transplant but is being rejected by transplant centers because she has Down’s Syndrome.”