Chapter 7 Self Quiz

. Which of these contexts might require the use of more than one material principle of justice?

Public health programs

Salaries

Basic education resources

Promotions

All of the above

. An important exponent of the utilitarian theory of justice is:

John Stuart Mill

Robert Nozick

John Rawls

Daniel Callahan

All of the above

. Communitarian theories of justice emphasize:

Moral conventions

Traditions

Loyalties

The social nature of life and institutions

All of the above

. Twenty-first-century innovations in theories of justice are best construed as responses to and developments of:

Communitarianism

Egalitarianism

Libertarianism

Utilitarianism

. Arguments for a right to government-funded health care include all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Collective societal protection

Fair opportunity to use one's capacities

Everyone has a right to equal access to all goods.

Both A and B

All of the above

. Allocation decisions involve all of the following EXCEPT:

Partitioning the comprehensive social budget

Allocating within the health budget

Allocating within targeted budgets

Allocating scarce treatments for patients

All of the above ARE included.

. Procedural rules for rationing scarce resources determine a qualifying pool of recipients by taking into account considerations that do NOT include:

Constituency (veterans, citizenship, ability to pay)

Progress of medical science (research for developing treatments)

Prospect of success

Most urgent medical need

All of the above ARE included.

. A trade-off between efficiency and equality results when global justice demands:

Global rights to health

A decent minimum of health care

Allocation that incorporates utilitarian standards

Allocation that incorporates egalitarian standards

All of the above

. The maxim articulating the material principle of an egalitarian theory of justice is:

To each person according to rules and actions that maximize social utility

To each person a maximum of liberty and property resulting from the exercise of liberty rights and participation in fair free-market exchanges

To each person according to principles of fair distribution derived from conceptions of the good developed in moral communities

To each person an equal measure of liberty and equal access to the goods in life that every rational person values

. Which of the following applies to NEITHER the capabilities listed in the capabilities theory of justice NOR the dimensions in the well-being theory?

Each list presents criteria in order of hierarchy of importance.

Each is the basis of a human right or entitlement.

Each is essential to human flourishing.

The major concern is the right to health, not the right to health care.

The major concern is enabling individuals to set their own goals and live as they choose.

. Justice has to do with fair access to benefits rather than protection from exploitation.

True

False

. That equals must be treated equally and unequals must be treated unequally is a formal requirement of justice.

True

False

. Every major communitarian thinker has contested the thesis of the priority of individual rights over the common good.

True

False

. Utilitarian theories of justice typically recognize a positive societal obligation to reduce or eliminate barriers that prevent fair equality of opportunity, an obligation that extends to programs to correct or compensate for disadvantages.

True

False

. A capabilities theory of justice focuses on putting persons in circumstances or conditions in which they are enabled to set their own goals and live as they choose.

True

False

. The fair-opportunity rule asserts that persons with functional disabilities receive benefits that will ameliorate the unfortunate effects of life's lottery.

True

False

. In health care allocation decisions, the two primary principles most often in conflict are justice and utility.

True

False

. The moral concept of _______ has to do with fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons.

. That essential social resources, including health care, should be distributed according to need is an example of a _______ principle of justice.

. Although the ________ material principle of justice faces serious challenges as a general theory of justice, it can help form just health policies in publicly supported institutions, especially when the policies are formulated using cost–benefit or risk–benefit analysis.

. No prominent ________ theory has contained a distributive principle that requires equal sharing of all social benefits to all persons. The dominant theories of this type are qualified ones that identify basic equalities while permitting some inequalities.

. According to this theory of justice, each of ten ________ is essential for a human life to not be impoverished below the level of the dignity of a person, and each is the basis of a human right or entitlement.

. Undue ________ is a distributive injustice of too small a payment to research subjects in relation to the financial gains of a company benefiting from the research.

. In the delivery of health care, ________ is a process of developing and using criteria for prioritization in order to use available medical resources as effectively and as efficiently as possible.

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