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“The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics” (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principle-beneficence/
“Paternalism” (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paternalism/
“Classical Utilitarianism” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism#Classical_utilitarianism
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, The Ethics of Research Related to Healthcare in Developing Countries, esp. Chap. 9, “After the Research” (Continued Access)
http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/research-developing-countries/research-developing-countries-after-research-over
LifeSharers.org (Reciprocity-Based Beneficence)
http://www.lifesharers.org/howitworks.aspx
“Measuring Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness: The QALY” (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, U.K.)
http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/features/measuringeffectivenessandcosteffectivenesstheqaly.jsp