Chapter 2 Self Quiz

Theories of "character ethics" or "virtue ethics" claim all of the following EXCEPT:

Often, the most important aspect of moral life is having a reliable character and good moral sense.

When a culture or social group approves a character trait as moral, that trait is considered to be a moral virtue.

Virtues are not solely derivative from moral principles.

A person who does a right moral action but wishes not to have to do it is acting both nonvirtuously and incoherently.

According to Charles L. Bosk, when a surgeon makes a mistake, the kind of mistake least likely to be forgiven by other professionals is:

Technical

Conscientious

Normative

Judgmental

How has the treatment of virtues in the Code of the American Medical Association (AMA) changed from 1847 until today?

Virtues in health care professions have been increasingly emphasized.

Virtues in health care professions have been increasingly de-emphasized.

Physicians have been consistently told to be "upright" and "pure in character."

The concept of virtue has never been part of the AMA code.

In what sort of philosophical literature did the idea of an "ethics of care" primarily originate?

Feminist literature

Ethical literature

Literature focused on virtue ethics

Bioethical literature

What are the five focal virtues that Beauchamp and Childress claim support and promote caring and caregiving?

Compassion, integrity, nonmalevolence, justice, and trustworthiness

Truthfulness, faithfulness, discernment, conscientiousness, and honor

Compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, and conscientiousness

Justice, sympathy, compassion, integrity, and benevolence

Based on Beauchamp and Childress's Chapter 2, which of the following is NOT a way that the view of nurses and nursing has changed from past models until today?

Nurses are now encouraged to exhibit active rather than passive virtues.

Nurses are now conceived as patient advocates rather than "handmaidens" of physicians.

Some contemporary models now emphasize preservation of the nurse's integrity.

Nurses are now encouraged to know as much about a patient's medical history and diagnosis as physicians do.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between traditional rule-based ethics and an ethic of care?

Rule-based ethics tend to focus more on what is done, whereas an ethic of care focuses on how it is done.

Rule-based ethics provide a clear guide to moral action in any situation, whereas an ethic of care does not.

An ethic of care places special emphasis on mutual interdependence, whereas rule-based ethics more strongly emphasize independence.

Rule-based ethics want to protect people from wrongdoing by others and thus are more cautious about personal empathy; an ethic of care takes empathy to be particularly important.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the virtue of compassion?

Compassion and empathy are the same thing.

Compassion is the most important virtue in a health care setting.

Compassion can be equally directed toward self and others.

Compassion includes an attitude of regard for another's welfare.

Which of the following is NOT true of the virtue of discernment?

Discernment is the ability to make fitting judgments without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations.

Discernment is the most important of the "focal virtues" set forth by Beauchamp and Childress.

Discernment is closely associated with practical wisdom in the writing of some thinkers.

Discernment includes understanding how principles and rules apply in a variety of circumstances.

Why is it important, according to Beauchamp and Childress, to focus on the place of moral excellence in bioethical thought?

Focusing only on the moral minimum dilutes the moral life and our expectations for ourselves and each other.

Health care professionals are expected to be morally excellent individuals.

It is proper to be skeptical about the importance of moral ideals in the moral life and in ethical thinking.

All of the above

Virtue ethics has to do with the motivations and dispositions behind moral actions.

True

False

The five focal virtues of an ethic of care are respectfulness, nonmalevolence, benevolence, justice, and truthfulness.

True

False

A person who possesses moral virtues such as loyalty and kindness will never act inappropriately.

True

False

Those who ascribe to an ethic of care claim that caregivers should not be concerned to cultivate any sort of detachment from their work and those for whom they care.

True

False

There is nothing more important for health care organizations than to maintain a culture of trust.

True

False

Policymakers should seek to accommodate health care professionals' conscientious refusals as long as they can do so without seriously compromising patients' rights and interests.

True

False

Supererogatory moral acts are those which are unusually arduous, costly, or risky.

True

False

A _________ is a dispositional trait of character that is socially valuable and reliably present in a person.

Five focal virtues for health care relationships are ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____.

An ethics of _____ is a form of virtue ethics that emphasizes traits valued in intimate personal relationships.

Beauchamp and Childress describe _______ as a "prelude to caring."

_________ involves the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations, fears, personal attachments, and the like.

According to Beauchamp and Childress, moral ________ in its most general sense means soundness, reliability, wholeness, and integration of moral character.

A pharmacist's refusal to fill a patient's prescription on the grounds that doing so would involve him or her in moral wrongdoing would be an example of ______ ______.

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