• Ian Brown , ‘ The Agent’s Apparent Authority: Paradigm or Paradox? ’ [1995] JBL 360.

Discusses the case of First Energy (UK) Ltd v Hungarian International Bank Ltd and contends that orthodox agency principles should be expanded to support the principles established in the case.

• GHL Fridman , ‘ The Demise of Watteau v Fenwick : Sign-O-Lite Ltd v Metropolitan Life

Insurance Co ’ (1991) 70 Can Bar Rev 329.
Discusses the case of Watteau v Fenwick and contends that the English courts should follow their Canadian counterparts in declaring the case to be defunct.

• Roderick Munday , Agency: Law and Principles (3rd edn, OUP 2016) chs 3 and 4

Chapter 3 focuses on an agent’s actual authority, whilst chapter 4 discusses the apparent authority of an agent.

• FMB Reynolds , ‘ The Ultimate Apparent Authority ’ (1994) 110 LQR 21

Discusses the relationship between First Energy (UK) Ltd v Hungarian International
Bank Ltd and Armagas Ltd v Mundogas SA (The Ocean Frost) .

• Peter G Watts , Bowstead & Reynolds on Agency (21st edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2018) chs 3 and 8.

Provides a detailed account of the law relating to actual and apparent authority.