.png){kind=icon}
Abouheif, E., M. J. Favé, A. S. Ibarrarán-Viniegra, M. P. Lesoway, A. M. Rafiqi and R. Rajakumar. 2014. Eco-evo-devo: The time has come. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 781: 107–125.
PubMed Link
Abramovich, C., N. Pineault, H. Ohta and R. K. Humphries. 2005. Hox genes: From leukemia to hematopoietic stem cell expansion. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1044: 109–116.
PubMed Link
Abzhanov, A. and T. C. Kaufman. 1999. Novel regulation of the homeotic gene Scr associated with a crustacean leg-to-maxilliped appendage transformation. Development 126: 1121–1128.
PubMed Link
Abzhanov, A., M. Protas, B. R. Grant, P. R. Grant and C. J. Tabin. 2004. Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin’s finches. Science 305: 1462–1465.
PubMed Link
Abzhanov, A., W. P. Kuo, C. Hartmann, P. R. Grant, R. Grant and C. Tabin. 2006. The calmodulin pathway and evolution of beak morphology in Darwin’s finches. Nature 442: 563–567.
PubMed Link
Aires, R., A. D. Jurberg, F. Leal, A. Nóvoa, M. J. Cohn and M. Mallo. 2016. Oct4 Is a key kegulator of vertebrate trunk length diversity. Dev. Cell 38: 262–274.
PubMed Link
Alberch, P. 1989. The logic of monsters: Evidence for internal constraints in development and evolution. Geobios. 12: 21–57.
Aldea, D. and 8 others. 2021. Repeated mutation of a developmental enhancer contributed to human thermoregulatory evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118: e2021722118.
PubMed Link
Amundson, R. 1994. Two concepts of constraint: Adaptationism and the challenge from developmental biology. Phil. Sci. 61: 556–578.
Amundson, R. 2005. The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: The Roots of Evo-Devo. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Anway, M. D., A. S. Cupp, M. Uzumcu and M. K. Skipper. 2005. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science 308: 1466–1469.
PubMed Link
Anway, M. D., C. Leathers and M. K. Skinner. 2006a. Endocrine disruptor vinclozolin induced epigenetic transgenerational adult-onset disease. Endocrinology 147: 5515–5523.
PubMed Link
Anway, M. D., M. A. Memon, M. Uzumcu and M. K. Skinner. 2006b. Transgenerational effect of the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on male spermatogenesis. J. Andrology 27: 868–879.
PubMed Link
Arendt, D., and 10 others. The origin and evolution of cell types. Nat. Rev. Genet. 17: 744–757.
PubMed Link
Arthur, W. 2004. Biased Embryos and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Aubret, F. and R. Shine. 2009. Genetic assimilation and the postcolonization erosion of phenotypic plasticity in island tiger snakes. Curr. Biol. 19: 1932–1936.
PubMed Link
Averof, M. and N. H. Patel. 1997. Crustacean appendage evolution associated with changes in Hox gene expression. Nature 388: 682-686.
PubMed Link
Baker, B. H., L. J. Berg and S. E. Sultan. 2018. Context-dependent developmental effects of parental shade versus sun are mediated by DNA methylation. Front. Plant Sci. 9: 1251.
PubMed Link
Baldwin, R. L., R. W. Li, Y. Jia and C.-J. Li. 2018. Transcriptomic impacts of rumen epithelium induced by butyrate infusion in dairy cattle in dry period. Gene Regul. Syst. Biol. 12: 1177625018774798.
PubMed Link
Ball, E. E., D. C. Hayward, R. Saint and D. J. Miller. 2004. A simple plan: Cnidarians and the origins of developmental mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 567–577.
PubMed Link
Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the Study of Variation. Macmillan, London.
Bhullar, B. A. and 6 others. 2012. Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls. Nature 487: 223–236.
PubMed Link
Bilandžija, H. and 10 others. 2020. Phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism of cave colonization and adaptation. Elife 9:e51830.
PubMed Link
Blin, M. and 6 others. 2018. Developmental evolution and developmental plasticity of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory skills in Mexican cavefish. Dev. Biol. 441: 242–251.
PubMed Link
Bonduriansky, R. 2021. Plasticity across generations. In Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolution: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies. D. W. Pfennig (Ed.). CRC Press, New York. Pp. 327–348.
Bonner, J. T. 1988. The Evolution of Complexity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Booth, D. S. and N. King. 2016. Evolution: Gene regulation in transition. Nature 534: 482–483.
PubMed Link
Brakefield, P. M. and 7 others. 1996. Development, plasticity, and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Nature 384: 236–242.
PubMed Link
Brucker, R. M. and S. R. Bordenstein. 2013. The hologenomic basis of speciation: Gut bacteria cause hybrid lethality in the genus Nasonia. Science 341: 667–669.
PubMed Link
Brunet, T. and N. King. 2017. The origin of animal multicellularity and cell differentiation. Dev. Cell 43: 124–140.
PubMed Link
Buendia-Monreal, M. and C. S. Gillmor. 2018. The times they are a-changin’: Heterochrony in plant development and evolution. Front. Plant Sci. 9: 1349.
PubMed Link
Burdge, G. C., J. Slater-Jefferies, C. Torrens, E. S. Phillips, M. A. Hanson and K. A. Lillycrop. 2007. Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats in the F0 generation induces altered methylation of hepatic gene promoters in the adult male offspring in the F1 and F2 generations. Brit. J. Nutrit. 97: 435–439.
PubMed Link
Burke, A. C. 1989. Development of the turtle carapace: Implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan. J. Morphol. 199: 363–378.
PubMed Link
Burnet, B., K. Connolly and B. Harrison. 1973. Phenocopies of pigmentary and behavioural effects of the Yellow mutant in Drosophila induced by a-dimethyltyrosine. Science 181: 1059–1060.
PubMed Link
Campàs, O., R. Mallarino, A. Herrel, A. Abzhanov and M. P.
Brenner. 2010. Scaling and shear transformations capture beak shape variation in Darwin’s finches. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 3356–3360.
PubMed Link
Carroll, S. B. 2008. Evo-devo and an expanding evolutionary synthesis: A genetic theory of morphological evolution. Cell 134: 25–36.
PubMed Link
Carroll, S. B., J. K. Grenier and S. D. Weatherbee. 2005. From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design, 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Cebra-Thomas, J., F. Tan, S. Sistla, E. Estes, G. Bender, C. Kim, P. Riccio and S. F. Gilbert. 2005. How the turtle forms its shell: A paracrine hypothesis of carapace formation. J. Exp. Zool. 304B: 558–569.
PubMed Link
Chan, J. C. and 16 others. 2020. Reproductive tract extracellular vesicles are sufficient to transmit intergenerational stress and program neurodevelopment. Nat. Commun. 11: 1499.
PubMed Link
Chan, Y. F. and 15 others. 2010. Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer. Science 327: 302–305.
PubMed Link
Charrier, C. and 10 others. 2012. Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation. Cell 149: 923–935.
PubMed Link
Chavan, A. R. and 8 others. 2021. Evolution of embryo implantation was enabled by the origin of decidual stromal cells in eutherian mammals. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38: 1060–1074.
PubMed Link
Chiu, L. and S. F. Gilbert. 2020. Niche construction and the transition to herbivory: Phenotype switching and the origination of new nutritional modes. In Phenotype Switching: Implications in Biology and Medicine. H. Levine et al. (Eds.) Elsevier, London. Pp. 459–482.
Chow, K. L. and K. W. Chan. 1999. Stress-induced phenocopy of C. elegans defines functional steps of sensory organ differentiation. Dev. Growth Diff. 41: 629–637.
PubMed Link
Christodoulou, F., F. Raible, R. Tomer, O. Simakov, K. Trachana, S. Klaus, H. Snyman, G. J. Hannon, P. Bork and D. Arendt. 2010. Ancient animal microRNAs and the evolution of tissue identity. Nature 463: 1084–1088.
PubMed Link
Chuong, E. B. 2013. Retroviruses facilitate the rapid evolution of the mammalian placenta. Bioessays 35: 853–861.
PubMed Link
Chuong, E. B. 2018. The placenta goes viral: Retroviruses control gene expression in pregnancy. PLoS Biol. 16: e3000028.
PubMed Link
Colosimo, P. F., C. L. Peichel, K. Nereng, B. K. Blackman, M. D. Shapiro, D. Schluter and D. M. Kingsley. 2004. The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. PLOS Biol. 2: 635–641.
PubMed Link
Conith, M. R., Y. Hu, A. J. Conith, M. A. Maginnis, J. F. Webb and R. C. Albertson. 2018. Genetic and developmental origins of a unique foraging adaptation in a Lake Malawi cichlid genus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115: 7063–7068.
PubMed Link
Cooper, L. N. 2010. “Evolution and Development of Cetacean Appendages.” Ph.D. thesis, Kent State University.
Crews, D. and 7 others. 2007. Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 5942–5946.
PubMed Link
Crews, D., R. Gillette, S. V. Scarpino, M. Manikkam, M. I. Savenkova and M. K. Skinner. 2012. Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of altered stress responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 9143–9148.
PubMed Link
Cubas, P., C. Vincent and E. Coen. 1999. An epigenetic mutation responsible for natural variation in floral symmetry. Nature 401: 157–161.
PubMed Link
Damen, W. G. 2002. Fushi tarazu: A Hox gene changes its role. BioEssays 24: 992–995.
PubMed Link
Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, London.
Darwin, C. 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. John Murray, London.
Davidson, E. H. and D. H. Erwin. 2010. Evolutionary innovation and stability in animal gene networks. J. Exp. Zool. 314B: 182–186.
PubMed Link
Dayel, M. J. and 6 others. 2011. Cell differentiation and morphogenesis in the colony-forming choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Dev. Biol. 357: 73–82.
PubMed Link
Deline, B., J. M. Greenwood, J. W. Clark, M. N. Puttick, K. J. Peterson and P. C. J. Donoghue. 2018. Evolution of metazoan morphological disparity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115: E8909–E8918.
PubMed Link
Dennis, M. Y. and 15 others. 2012. Evolution of human-specific neural SRGAP2 genes by incomplete segmental duplication. Cell 149: 912–922.
PubMed Link
Deutsch, J. S. and E. Mouchel-Vielh. 2003. Hox genes and the crustacean body plan. BioEssays 25: 878–887.
PubMed Link
DeVeale, B. and 11 others. 2013. Oct4 is required ~E7.5 for proliferation in the primitive streak. PLoS Genet. 9: e1003957.
PubMed Link
Dubois, A. and 7 others. 2010. Tinkering with the C-function: A molecular frame for the selection of double flowers in cultivated roses. PLoS ONE 5: e9288.
PubMed Link
Dunbar, H. E., A. C. C. Wilson, N. R. Ferguson and N. A. Moran. 2007. Aphid thermal tolerance is governed by a point mutation in bacterial symbionts. PLoS Biol. 5: e96.
PubMed Link
Dunn-Fletcher, C. E. and 16 others. 2018. Anthropoid primate-specific retroviral element THE1B controls expression of CRH in placenta and alters gestation length. PLoS Biol 16(9): e2006337.
PubMed Link
Dupressoir, A and 6 others. 2011. A pair of co-opted retroviral envelope syncytin genes is required for formation of the two-layered murine placental syncytiotrophoblast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: E1164–E1173.
PubMed Link
Dupressoir, A., C. Lavialle and T. Heidmann. 2012. From ancestral infectious retroviruses to bona fide cellular genes: Role of the captured syncytins in placentation. Placenta 33 663–671.
PubMed Link
Erwin, D. H. 1999. The origin of bodyplans. Am. Zool. 39: 617–629.
Feijen, F. A. A., R. A. Vos, J. Nuytinck and V. S. F. T. Merckx. 2018. Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification. Sci. Rep. 8: 10698.
PubMed Link
Finnerty. J. R., K. Pang, P. Burton, D. Paulson and M. Q. Martindale. 2004. Origins of bilateral symmetry: Hox and Dpp expression in a sea anemone. Science 304: 1335–1337.
PubMed Link
Frank, J. A. and 8 others. 2022. Evolution and antiviral activity of a human protein of retroviral origin. Science 378: 422–428.
PubMed Link
Franz-Odendaal, T. A. and B. K. Hall. 2006. Modularity and sense organs in the blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. Evol. Dev. 8: 94–100.
PubMed Link
Funkhouser, L. J. and S. R. Bordenstein. 2013. Mom knows best: The universality of maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol 11: e1001631.
PubMed Link
Galant, R. and S. B. Carroll. 2002. Evolution of a transcriptional repression domain in an insect Hox protein. Nature 415: 910–913.
PubMed Link
Galis, F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and cancer. J. Exp. Zool./Mol. Dev. Evol. 285: 19–26.
PubMed Link
Galis, F. and J. A. Metz. 2001. Testing the vulnerability of the phylotypic stage: On modularity and evolutionary conservation. J. Exp. Zool./Mol. Dev. Evol. 291: 195–204.
PubMed Link
Galis, F. and 7 others. 2006. Extreme selection against homeotic transformations of cervical vertebrae in humans. Evolution 60: 2643–2654.
PubMed Link
Gao, F. and E. H. Davidson. 2008. Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 6091–6096.
PubMed Link
Gapp, K. and 8 others. 2014. Implication of sperm RNAs in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice. Nat. Neurosci. 17: 667–669.
PubMed Link
Garson, J., L. Wang and S. Sarkar. 2003. How development may direct evolution. Biol. Philos. 18: 353–370.
Link
Garstang, W. 1922. The theory of recapitulation: A critical restatement of the biogenetic law. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 35: 81–101.
Gawne, R., K. Z. McKenna and H. F. Nijhout. 2018. Unmodern synthesis: Developmental hierarchies and the origin of phenotypes. BioEssays 40: 1600265.
PubMed Link
Geschwind, D. H. and G. Konopka. 2012. Neuroscience: Genes and human brain evolution. Nature 486: 481–482.
PubMed Link
Gibson, G. and D. S. Hogness. 1996. Effect of polymorphism in the Drosophila regulatory gene Ultrabithorax on homeotic stability. Science 271: 200–203.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S. F. 2019. Evolutionary transitions revisited: Holobiont evo-devo. J Exp. Zool./Mol. Dev Biol. 332: 307–314.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S. F. 2020. Developmental symbiosis facilitates the multiple origins of herbivory. Evol. Dev. 22: 154–164.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S. F. and D. Epel. 2015. Ecological Developmental Biology: The Environmental Regulation of Development, Health, and Evolution, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gilbert, S. F., J. M. Opitz and R. A. Raff. 1996. Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Dev. Biol. 173: 357–372.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: the development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evol. Dev. 3: 47–58.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S.F., T. C. Bosch and C. Ledón-Rettig. 2015. Eco-Evo-Devo: Developmental symbiosis and developmental plasticity as evolutionary agents. Nat. Rev. Genet. 16: 611–622.
PubMed Link
Gillette, R., M. J. Son, L. Ton, A. C. Gore and D. Crews. 2018. Passing experiences on to future generations: endocrine disruptors and transgenerational inheritance of epimutations in brain and sperm. Epigenetics 13: 1106–1126.
PubMed. Link
Goldschmidt, R. B. 1938. Physiological Genetics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gomez, C., E. M. Ozbudak, J. Wunderlich, D. Baumann, J. Lewis and O. Pourquié. 2008. Control of segment number in vertebrate embryos. Nature 454: 335–339.
PubMed Link
Grant, P. R. and B. R. Grant. 2008. How and Why Species Multiply. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Guerrant, E. O. 1982. Neotenic evolution of Delphinium nudicaule (Ranunculaceae)—A hummingbird-pollinated larkspur. Evolution 36: 699–712.
PubMed Link
Guerreiro, I. and 8 others. 2013. Role of a polymorphism in a Hox/Pax-responsive enhancer in the evolution of the vertebrate spine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 10682–10686.
PubMed Link
Halder, G., P. Callaerts and W. J. Gehring. 1995. Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267: 1788–1792.
PubMed Link
Hall, B. K. 1999. Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 2nd Ed. Kluwer, Boston, MA.
Haygood, R., C. C. Babbitt, O. Fedrigo and G. A. Wray. 2010. Contrasts between adaptive coding and noncoding changes during human evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 7853–7857.
PubMed Link
He, S., F. Del Viso, C. Y. Chen, A. Ikmi, A. E. Kroesen and M. C. Gibson. 2018. An axial Hox code controls tissue segmentation and body patterning in Nematostella vectensis. Science 361: 1377–1380.
PubMed Link
Hejnol, A. and 16 others. 2009. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proc. Biol. Sci. 276: 4261–4270.
PubMed Link
Hiyama, A., W. Taira and J. M. Otaki. 2012. Color-pattern evolution in response to environmental stress in butterflies. Front. Genet. 3: 15.
PubMed Link
Hockman, D., C. J. Cretekos, M. K. Mason, R. R. Behringer, D. S. Jacobs and N. Illing. 2008. A second wave of Sonic hedgehog expression during the development of the bat limb. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 16982–16987.
PubMed Link
Holder, N. 1983. Developmental constraints and the evolution of vertebrate limb patterns. J. Theor. Biol. 104: 451–471.
PubMed Link
Holland, P. W., F. Marlétaz, I. Maeso, T. L. Dunwell and J. Paps. 2017. New genes from old: asymmetric divergence of gene duplicates and the evolution of development. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 372B: 20150480.
PubMed Link
Holley, S. and 6 others. 1995. A conserved system for dorsal-ventral patterning in insects and vertebrates involving sog and chordin. Nature 376: 249–253.
PubMed Link
Hu, H. and 16 others. 2017. Constrained vertebrate evolution by pleiotropic genes. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1: 1722–1730.
PubMed Link
Hu, Y. and R. C. Albertson. 2017. Baby fish working out: An epigenetic source of adaptive variation in the cichlid jaw. Proc. Biol. Sci. 284: 20171018.
PubMed Link
Hughes, C. L. and T. C. Kaufman. 2002. Hox genes and the evolution of the arthropod body plan. Evo. Dev. 4: 459–499.
PubMed Link
Hunt, T. and 15 others. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science 318: 1913–1916.
PubMed Link
Huxley, J. 1942. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. Allen and Unwin, London.
Huxley, T. H. 1864. On the Classification of Animals and on the Vertebrate Skull. J. Churchill and Sons, London.
Huxley, T. H. 1857. Letter of July 7, 1857, quoted in W. E. Friedman and P. K. Dingle, Charles Darwin and the Origin of Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Plant Cell 23: 1194–1207.
Huxley, T. H. 1893. Darwiniana: Collected Essays, Vol. II. Macmillan & Co., London.
Jablonka, E. and G. Raz. 2009. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity. Q. Rev. Biol. 84: 131–176.
PubMed Link
Jablonka, E. and M. J. Lamb. 2006. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jablonski, N. and G. Chaplin. 2012. The naked truth. Scientific American, November 1, 2012.
Link
Jacob, F. 1977. Evolution and tinkering. Science 196: 1161–1166.
PubMed Link
Jirtle, R. L. and M. K. Skinner. 2007. Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8: 253–262.
PubMed Link
Jurberg, A. D., R. Aires, I. Varela-Lasheras, A. Nóvoa and M. Mallo. 2013. Switching axial progenitors from producing trunk to tail tissues in vertebrate embryos. Dev. Cell 25: 451–462.
PubMed Link
Kamberov, Y. G. and 8 others. 2018. Comparative evidence for the independent evolution of hair and sweat gland traits in primates. J. Hum. Evol. 125: 99–105.
PubMed Link
Kanno, A., H. Saeki, T. Kameya, H. Saedler and G. Theissen. 2003. Heterotopic expression of class B floral homeotic genes supports a modified ABC model for tulip (Tulipa gesneriana). Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 831–841.
PubMed Link
King, M. C. and A. C. Wilson. 1975. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188: 107–116.
PubMed Link
King, R. C. and W. D. Stanfield. 1985. A Dictionary of Genetics, 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kirschner, M. and J. Gerhart. 2005. The Plausibility of Life. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Klimovich, A. V. and T. C. G. Bosch. 2018. Rethinking the role of the nervous system: Lessons from the Hydra holobiont. BioEssays 40: 1800060.
PubMed Link
Kmita, M. F., F. van der Hoeven, J. Zákány, R. Krumlauf and D. Duboula. 2000. Mechanisms of Hox gene colinearity: Transposition of the anterior Hoxb-1 gene into the posterior HoxD complex. Genes Dev. 14: 198–211.
PubMed Link
Kmita, M. F., N. Frandeau, Y. Hérault and D. Duboule. 2002. Serial deletions and duplications suggest a mechanism for the collinearity of Hoxd genes in limbs. Nature 420: 145–150.
PubMed Link
Konings, A. 2007. Malawi Cichlids in Their Natural Habitat, 4th Ed. Cichlid Press, El Paso, TX.
Kostyun, J. L. and L. C. Moyle. 2017. Heterochronic developmental shifts underlie floral diversity within Jaltomata (Solanaceae). EvoDevo 8: 17.
PubMed Link
Krizek, B. A. and E. M. Myerowitz. 1996. The Arabidopsis homeotic genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA are sufficient to provide the B class organ identity function. Development 122: 11–22.
PubMed Link
Kuratani, S. 2009. Modularity, comparative embryology and evo-devo: Developmental dissection of body plans. Dev. Biol. 332: 61–69.
PubMed Link
Kvon, E. Z. and 18 others. 2016. Progressive loss of function in a limb enhancer during snake evolution. Cell 167: 633–642.
PubMed Link
Laland, K. N. and 7 others. 2015. The extended evolutionary synthesis: Its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proc. Biol. Sci. 282: 20151019.
PubMed Link
Lander, E. S. and many others. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860–921.
PubMed Link
Larrain, J., M. Oelgeschlager, N. I. Ketpura, B. Reversade, L. Zakin and E. M. De Robertis. 2001. Proteolytic cleavage of Chordin as a switch for the dual activities of Twisted gastrulation in BMP signaling. Development 128: 4439–4447.
PubMed Link
Laufer, E. and 8 others. 1997. The Radical fringe expression boundary in the limb bud ectoderm regulates AER formation. Nature 386: 366–367.
PubMed Link
Lavialle, C. and 6 others. 2013. Paleovirology of ‘syncytins’, retroviral env genes exapted for a role in placentation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 368: 20120507.
PubMed Link
Leal, F. and M. J. Cohn 2016. Loss and re-emergence of legs in snakes by modular evolution of sonic hedgehog and HOXD enhancers. Curr. Biol. 26: 2966–2973.
PubMed Link
Leal, F. and M. J. Cohn. 2018. Developmental, genetic, and genomic insights into the evolutionary loss of limbs in snakes. Genesis 56.
PubMed Link
Levis, N. A. and D. W. Pfennig. 2018. Phenotypic plasticity, canalization, and the origins of novelty: evidence and mechanisms from amphibians. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 88: 80–90.
PubMed Link
Levis. N. A. and D. W. Pfennig. 2020. Plasticity-led evolution: A survey of developmental mechanisms and empirical tests. Evol. Dev. 22: 71–87.
PubMed Link
Levis, N. A., A. J. Isdaner and D. W. Pfennig. 2018. Morphological novelty emerges from pre-existing phenotypic plasticity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2: 1289–1297.
PubMed Link
Li, P. and M. O. Johnston. 2000. Heterochrony in plant evolutionary studies through the twentieth century. Bot. Rev. 66: 57–88.
Lillycrop, K. A. and G. C. Burdge. 2015. Maternal diet as a modifier of offspring epigenetics. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 6: 88–95.
PubMed Link
Liubicich, D. M. and 9 others. 2009. Knockdown of Parhyale Ultrabithorax recapitulates evolutionary changes in crustacean appendage morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 13892–13896.
PubMed Link
Locascio, A., M. Manjanares, M. J. Blanco and M. A. Nieto. 2002. Modularity and reshuffling of Snail and Slug expression during vertebrate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 16841–16846.
PubMed Link
Logan, M. and C. J. Tabin. 1999. Role of Pitx1 upstream of Tbx4 in specification of hindlimb identity. Science 283: 1736–1739.
PubMed Link
Lonfat, N., T. Montavon, F. Darbellay, S. Gitto and D. Duboule. 2014. Convergent evolution of complex regulatory landscapes and pleiotropy at Hox loci. Science 346: 1004–1006.
PubMed Link
Loredo, G. A. and 11 others. 2001. Development of an evolutionarily novel structure: Fibroblast growth factor expression in the carapacial ridge of turtle embryos. J. Exp. Zool. 291: 274–281.
PubMed Link
Lu, C. P., L. Polak, B. E. Keyes and E. Fuchs. 2016. Spatiotemporal antagonism in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling in sweat versus hair fate decision. Science 354: aah6102.
PubMed Link
Lu, H. L., D. R. Price, A. Wikramanayake, C.-C. Chang and A. C. Wilson. 2016. Ontogenetic differences in localization of glutamine transporter ApGLNT1 in the pea aphid demonstrate that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are not similar in the maternal versus embryonic bacteriome. EvoDevo 7: 1.
PubMed Link
Lynch, M. and J. S. Conery. 2000. The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes. Science 290: 1151–1155.
PubMed Link
Lynch, V. J. and G. P. Wagner. 2011. Revisiting a classic example of transcription factor functional equivalence: Are Eyeless and Pax6 functionally equivalent or divergent? J. Exp. Zool. 316B: 93–98.
PubMed Link
Lynch, V. J. and 6 others. 2004. Adaptive evolution of HoxA-11 and HoxA-13 at the origin of the uterus in mammals. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271: 2201–2207.
PubMed Link
Lynch, V. J. and 6 others. 2008. Adaptive changes in the transcription factor HoxA11 are essential for evolution of pregnancy in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 14928–14933.
PubMed Link
Lynch, V. J., R. D. Leclerc, G. May and G. P. Wagner. 2011. Transposon-mediated rewiring of gene regulatory networks contributed to the evolution of pregnancy in mammals. Nat. Genet. 43: 1154–1159.
PubMed Link
Lyson, T. R., G. S. Bever, T. M. Scheyer, A. Y. Hsiang and J. A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary origin of the turtle shell. Curr. Biol. 23: 1113–1119.
PubMed Link
Malicki, J., L. C. Cianetti, C. Peschle and W. McGinnis. 1992. Human HOX4B regulatory element provides head-specific expression in Drosophila embryos. Nature 358: 345–347.
PubMed Link
Mallarino, R. and 6 others. 2012. Closely related bird species demonstrate flexibility between beak morphology and underlying developmental programs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 16222–16227.
PubMed Link
Mallarino, R., P. R. Grant, B. R. Grant, A. Herrel, W. P. Kuo and A. Abzhanov. 2011. Two developmental modules establish 3D beak-shape variation in Darwin's finches. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: 4057–4062.
PubMed Link
Mallo, M. 2018. Reassessing the role of Hox genes during vertebrate development and evolution. Trends Genet. 34L: 209–217.
PubMed Link
Margulis, L. 1993a. Origins of species: Acquired genomes and individuality. BioSystems 31: 121–125.
Margulis, L. 1993b. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. W. H. Freeman, New York.
Margulis, L. and D. Sagan. 1986. Origins of Sex: Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Margulis, L. and D. Sagan. 2003. Acquiring New Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species. Basic Books, New York.
Markoš, A. and J. Švorcová. 2019. Epigenetic Processes and the Evolution of Life. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Martin, A. and 8 others. 2016. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis reveals versatile roles of Hox genes in crustacean limb specification and evolution. Curr Biol. 26: 14–26.
PubMed Link
Matsuura, Y., Y. Kikuchi, T. Miura and T. Fukatsu. 2015. Ultrabithorax is essential for bacteriocyte development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112: 9376–9381.
PubMed Link
McNamara, K. J. 2012. Heterochrony: The evolution of development. Evol. Educ. Outreach 2: 203–218.
McNamara, K. J. and J. Long. 2012. Heterochrony on dinosaur evolution. In J. Farlow (ed.), The Complete Dinosaur, 2nd Ed. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 761–784.
Meaney, M. J. 2001. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24: 1161–1192.
PubMed Link
Mennigen, J. A., L. M. Thompson, M. Bell, M. Tellez Santos and A. C. Gore. 2018. Transgenerational effects of polychlorinated biphenyls: 1. Development and physiology across three generations of rats. Environ. Health 17: 18.
PubMed Link
Merezhkowsky, C. 1909. The theory of two plasms as foundation of symbiogenesis, new doctrine on the origin of organisms. Proc. Stud. Imp. Kazan Univ. 12: 1–102.
Mizrahi, I., 2013. Rumen symbioses. In The Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations. E. Rosenberg et al. (Eds.). Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 533–544.
Link
Mizutani, C. M. and E. Bier. 2008. EvoD/Vo: The origins of BMP signalling in the neuroectoderm. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9: 663–677.
PubMed Link
Moczek, A. 2015. Re-evaluating the environment in developmental evolution. Front Ecol. Evol.
Link
Moraïs, S. and I. Mizrahi. 2019. The road not taken: The rumen microbiome, functional groups, and community states. Trends Microbiol. 27: 538–549.
PubMed Link
Morris, J. J. 2018. What is the hologenome concept of evolution? Version 1. F1000Res Faculty Rev-1664.
Link
Moyroud, E. and B. Glover. 2017. The evolution of diverse floral morphologies. Curr. Biol. 27: R941–R951.
PubMed Link
Müller, F. 1869. Facts and Arguments for Darwin. John Murray, London.
Müller, G. B. 2017. Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary. Interface Focus 7: 20170015.
PubMed Link
Nagashima, H. and 6 others. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325: 193–196.
PubMed Link
Newbold, R. R., E. P. Banks and W. N. Jefferson. 2006. Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations. Endocrinology 147: S11–S17.
PubMed Link
Newman, S. A. and G. B. Müller. 2005. Origination and innovation in the vertebrate limb skeleton: An epigenetic perspective. J. Exp. Zool. 304B: 593–609.
PubMed Link
Nijhout, H. F., A. M. Kudla and C. C. Hazelwood. 2021. Genetic assimilation and accommodation: Models and mechanisms. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 141: 337–369.
PubMed Link
Nijhout, H. F. 1984.Colour pattern modification by cold shock in Lepidoptera. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 81: 287–305.
PubMed Link
Ohno, S. 1970. Evolution by Gene Duplication. Springer, Berlin.
Oliver, K. M., P. H. Degnan, M. S. Hunter and N. A. Moran. 2009. Bacteriophages encode factors required for protection in a symbiotic mutualism. Science 325: 992–994.
PubMed Link
Oster, G. F., N. Shubin, J. D. Murray and P. Alberch. 1988. Evolution and morphogenetic rules: The shape of the vertebrate limb in ontogeny and phylogeny. Evolution 42: 862–884.
PubMed Link
Osterwalder, M. and 19 others. 2018. Enhancer redundancy provides phenotypic robustness in mammalian development. Nature 554: 239–243.
PubMed Link
Otaki, J. M., A. Hiyama, M. Iwata and T. Kudo. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity in the range-margin population of the lycaenid butterfly Zizeeria maha. BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 252.
PubMed Link
Paps, J. and P. W. H. Holland. 2018. Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty. Nat. Commun. 9: 1730.
PubMed Link
Parsons, K. J., A. T. Taylor, K. E. Powder and R. C. Albertson. 2014. Wnt signalling underlies the evolution of new phenotypes and craniofacial variability in Lake Malawi cichlids. Nat. Commun. 5: 3629.
PubMed Link
Pavlopoulos, A. and 6 others. 2009. Probing the evolution of appendage specialization by Hox gene misexpression in an emerging model crustacean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 13897–13902.
PubMed Link
Pfent, C., K. J. Pobursky, D. N. Sather and E. M. Golenberg. 2005. Characterization of SpAPETALA3 and SpPISTILLATA, B class floral identity genes in Spinacia oleracea, and their relationship to sexual dimorphism. Dev. Genes Evol. 215: 132–142.
PubMed Link
Pirozynski K. A. and D. W. Malloch. 1975. The origin of land plants: A matter of mycotrophism. BioSystems 6: 153–164.
Link
Putnam, N. H. and 18 others. 2007. Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization. Science 317: 86–94.
PubMed Link
Queitsch, C., T. A. Sangster and S. Lindquist. 2002. Hsp90 as a capacitor of phenotypic variation. Nature 417: 618–624.
PubMed Link
Raff, R. A. 1996. The Shape of Life: Genes, Development, and the Evolution of Animal Form. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Rice, R., P. Riccio, S. F. Gilbert and J. Cebra-Thomas. 2015. Emerging from the rib: Resolving the turtle controversies. J. Exp. Zool. 324B: 208–220.
PubMed Link
Richardson, M. K. and A. D. Chipman. 2003. Developmental constraints in a comparative framework: A test case using variations in phalanx number during amniote evolution. J. Exp. Zool. 296B: 8–22.
PubMed Link
Richardson, M. K. and H. H. Oelschläger. 2002. Time, pattern, and heterochrony: A study of hyperphalangy in the dolphin embryo flipper. Evol. Dev. 4: 435–444.
PubMed Link
Riedl, R. 1978. Order in Living Systems: A Systems Analysis of Evolution. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Rockman, M. V., M. W. Hahn, N. Soranzo, D. B. Goldstein and G. A. Wray. 2003. Positive selection on a human-specific transcription factor binding site regulating IL4 expression. Curr. Biol. 13: 2118–2123.
PubMed Link
Rodgers, A. B., C. P. Morgan, N. A. Leu and T. L. Bale. 2015. Transgenerational epigenetic programming via sperm microRNA recapitulates effects of paternal stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112: 13699–13704.
PubMed Link
Rohner , N. and 7 others. 2013. Cryptic variation in morphological evolution: HSP90 as a capacitor for loss of eyes in cavefish. Science 342: 1372–1375.
PubMed Link
Ronse de Craene, L. P. 2003. The evolutionary significance of homeosis in flowers: A morphological perspective. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164: S225–S235.
Ronshaugen, M., N. McGinnis and W. McGinnis. 2002. Hox protein mutation and macroevolution of the insect body plan. Nature 415: 914–917.
PubMed Link
Roper, M., M. J. Dayel, R. E. Pepper and M. A. Koehl. 2013. Cooperatively generated stresslet flows supply fresh fluid to multicellular choanoflagellate colonies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110: 228104.
PubMed Link
Rosenberg, E. and I. Zilber-Rosenberg. 2018. The hologenome concept of evolution after 10 years. Microbiome 6: 78.
PubMed Link
Rosenberg, E., O. Koren, L. Reshef, R. Efrony and I. Zilber-Rosenberg. 2007. The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease, and evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5: 355–362.
PubMed Link
Roughgarden, J., S. F. Gilbert, E. Rosenberg, I. Zilber-Rosenberg and E. A. Lloyd. 2017. Holobionts as units of selection and a model of their population dynamics and evolution. Biol. Theory 13: 44–65.
Rutherford, S. L. and S. Lindquist. 1998. Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature 396: 336–342.
PubMed Link
Ruxton, G. D. and D. M. Wilkinson. 2011. Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: 20965–20969.
PubMed Link
Ryan, J. F. and 6 others. 2007. Pre-bilaterian origins of the Hox cluster and the Hox code: Evidence from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. PLoS ONE 2: e153.
PubMed Link
Sander, E.G., R. G. Warner, H. N. Harrison and J. K. Loosli. 1959. The stimulatory effect of sodium butyrate and sodium propionate on the development of rumen mucosa in the young calf. J. Dairy Sci. 42: 1600–1605.
Sangster, T. A. and 9 others. 2008. Hsp90-buffered genetic variation is common in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 2969–2974.
PubMed Link
Schiedlmeier, B. and 10 others. 2007. HOXB4’s road map to stem cell expansion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 16952–16957.
PubMed Link
Schlosser, G. and G. P. Wagner (eds.). 2004. Modularity in Developmental Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schmalhausen, I. I. 1949. Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schneider, R. A. and J. A. Helms. 2003. The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology. Science 299: 565–568.
PubMed Link
Schumacher, R., A. Mai and P. Gutjahr. 1992. Association of rib anomalies and malignancy in childhood. Eur. J. Pediatr. 151: 432–434.
Sears, K. E. 2004. Constraints on the evolution of morphological evolution of marsupial shoulder girdles. Evolution 58: 2353–2370.
PubMed Link
Sears, K. E. 2008. Molecular determinants of bat wing development. Cells Tissues Organs 187: 6–12.
PubMed Link
Sebé-Pedrós, A. and 8 others. 2016. The dynamic regulatory genome of Capsaspora and the origin of animal multicellularity. Cell 165: 1224–1237.
PubMed Link
Sebé-Pedrós, A. and 9 others. 2018. Early metazoan cell type diversity and the evolution of multicellular gene regulation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2: 1176–1188.
PubMed Link
Selosse, M. A. and F. Le Tacon. 1998. The land flora: A phototroph-fungus partnership? Trends Ecol Evol. 13: 15–20.
PubMed Link
Shapiro, A. M. 1976. Seasonal polyphenism. Evol. Biol. 9: 259–333.
Shapiro, M. D., J. Hanken and N. Rosenthal. 2003. Developmental basis of evolutionary digit loss in the Australian lizard Hemiergis. J. Exp. Zool. 279B: 48–56.
PubMed Link
Shapiro, M. D. and 7 others. 2004. Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. Nature 428: 717–723.
PubMed Link
Sharon. G., D. Segal, J. M. Ringo, A. Hefetz, I. Zilber-Rosenberg and E. Rosenberg. 2010. Commensal bacteria play a role in mating preference of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 107: 20051–20056.
PubMed Link
Shubin, N., C. Tabin and S. B. Carroll. 2009. Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty. Nature 457: 818–823.
PubMed Link
Shubin, N., C. Tabin and S. Carroll. 1997. Fossils, genes, and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature 388: 639–648.
PubMed Link
Smith, K. 2003. Time’s arrow: Heterochrony and the evolution of development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47: 613–621.
PubMed Link
Somel, M. and 13 others. 2009. Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 5743–5748.
PubMed Link
Standfuss, M. 1896. Handbuch der palearctischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Stern, D. L. and V. Orgogozo. 2008. The loci of evolution: How predictable is genetic evolution? Evolution 62: 2155–2177.
PubMed Link
Strausfeld, N. J. and F. Hirth. 2013. Deep homology of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia. Science 340: 157–161.
PubMed Link
Strullu-Derrien, C., M. A. Selosse,, P. Kenrick and F. M. Martin. 2018. The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: From palaeomycology to phylogenomics. New Phytol. 220: 1012–1030.
PubMed Link
Stundl, J., P. Y. Bertucci, A. Lauri, D. Arendt and M. E. Bronner. 2021. Evolution of new cell types at the lateral neural border. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 141:173–205.
PubMed Link
Sucena, E. and D. Stern. 2000. Divergence of larval morphology between Drosophila sechellia and its sibling species caused by cis-regulatory evolution of ovo/shaven-baby. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4530–4534.
PubMed Link
Sugimoto, J., D. J. Schust, T. Kinjo, Y. Aoki, Y. Jinno and Y. Kudo. 2019. Suppressyn localization and dynamic expression patterns in primary human tissues support a physiologic role in human placentation. Sci. Rep.9: 19502–19512.
PubMed Link
Sultan, S. E. 2015. Organism and Environment: Ecological Development, Niche Construction, and Adaptation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sultan, S. E. 2017. Eco-Evo-Devo. In L. Nuño de la Rosa and G. B. Müller, Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Springer, Switzerland.
Suzuki, Y. and H. F. Nijhout. 2006. Evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. Science 311: 650–652.
PubMed Link
Suzuki, Y. and H. F. Nijhout. 2007. Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 57–66.
Link
Technau, U. and G. Genikhovich. 2018. Evolution: Directives from sea anemone Hox genes. Curr. Biol. 28: R1303–R1305.
PubMed Link
Thiessen, G. 2010. Homeosis of the angiosperm flower: Studies on three candidate cases of saltational evolution. Palaeodiversity 3: 131–139.
Tomoyasu, Y., Y. Arakane, K. J. Kramer and R. E. Denell. 2009. Repeated co-options of exoskeleton formation during wing-to-elytron evolution in beetles. Curr. Biol. 19: 2057–2065.
PubMed Link
Tsuchida, T., R. Koga, M. Horikawa, T. Tsunoda, T. Maoka, S. Matsumoto, J. C. Simon and T. Fukatsu. 2010. Symbiotic bacterium modifies aphid body color. Science 330: 1102–1104.
PubMed Link
Turing, A. M. 1952. The chemical basis of morphology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 237B: 37–72.
Link
Twitty, V. C. and H. A. Elliott. 1934. The relative growth of the amphibian eye, studied by means of transplantation. J. Exp. Zool. 68: 247–291.
Twitty, V. C. and J. L. Schwind. 1931. The growth of eyes and limbs transplanted heteroplastically between two species of Amblystoma. J. Exp. Zool. 59: 61–86.
Tyler-Smith, C. and Y. Xue. 2012. Sibling rivalry among paralogs promotes evolution of the human brain. Cell 149: 737–739.
PubMed Link
Vermeij, G. J. 2004. Nature: An Economic History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Vermeij, G. J. and D. R. Lindberg. 2000. Delayed herbivory and the assembly of marine benthic ecosystems. Paleobiology 26: 419–430.
Villarreal, L. and F. Ryan. 2011. Viruses in host evolution: General principles and future extrapolations. Curr. Top. Virol. 9: 79–90.
Waddington, C. H. 1942. Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature 150: 563.
Link
Waddington, C. H. 1953. Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution 7: 118–126.
Link
Waddington, C. H. 1956. Genetic assimilation of the Bithorax phenotype. Evolution 10: 1–13.
Link
Waddington, C. H. 1961. Genetic assimilation. Adv. Genet. 10: 257–290.
Wagner, G. P. 1996. Homologues, natural kinds, and the evolution of modularity. Am. Zool. 36: 36–43.
Link
Wake, D. B. and A. Larson. 1987. A multidimensional analysis of an evolving lineage. Science 238: 42–48.
Link
Wang, S. and 7 others. 2017. Heterochronic truncation of odontogenesis in theropod dinosaurs provides insight into the macroevolution of avian beaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114: 10930–10935.
PubMed Link
Wang, H., T. Nussbaum-Wagler, B. Li, Q. Zhao, Y. Vigouroux, M. Faller, K. Bomblies, L. Lukens and J. F. Doebley. 2005.The origin of the naked grains of maize. Nature 436: 714–719.
PubMed Link
Weatherbee, S. D., R. R. Behringer, J. J. Rasweiler IV and L. A. Niswander. 2006. Interdigital webbing retention in bat wings illustrates genetic changes underlying amniote limb diversification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 15103–15107.
PubMed Link
Weiner, J. 1994. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. Random House, New York.
Wellik, D. M. and M. R. Capecchi. 2003. Hox10 and Hox11 genes are required to globally pattern the mammalian skeleton. Science 301: 363–367.
PubMed Link
West-Eberhard, M. J. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 249–278.
West-Eberhard, M. J. 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.
West-Eberhard, M. J. 2005. Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102: 6543–6549.
PubMed Link
Wu, D.-D., D. M. Irwin and Y. P. Zhang. 2011. De novo origin of human protein-coding genes. PLOS Genet. 7: e1002379
PubMed Link
Wu, P., T. X. Jiang, S. Suksaweang, R. B. Widelitz and C. M. Chuong. 2004. Molecular shaping of the beak. Science 305: 1465–1466.
PubMed Link
Yamamoto, Y., M. S. Byerly, W. R. Jackman and W. R. Jeffery. 2009. Pleiotropic functions of embryonic sonic hedgehog expression link jaw and taste bud amplification with eye loss during cavefish evolution. Dev. Biol. 330: 200–211.
PubMed Link
Yoffe, M. and 6 others. 2020. Morphological malleability of the lateral line allows for surface fish (Astyanax mexicanus) adaptation to cave environments. J Exp Zool B: Mol Dev Evol. 334: 511–517.
PubMed Link
Yu, J. K. and 7 others. 2007. Axial patterning in cephalochordates and the evolution of the organizer. Nature 445: 613–617.
PubMed Link
Zilber-Rosenberg, I. and E. Rosenberg. 2008. Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32: 723–735.
PubMed Link
Zuckerkandl, E. 1994. Molecular pathways to parallel evolution. I. Gene nexuses and their morphological correlates. J. Mol. Evol. 39: 661–678.
PubMed Link