Self-defence in anticipation of another attack.

High-intensity military force against a State.

Protracted inter-State armed violence or between States and non-States.

Points from which to measure the seaward breadth of maritime zones.

Authorization of armed force by the UN Security Council.

Recognition as necessary criterion for statehood.

The idea that rights are validated by cultural criteria.

The convergence of State practice and the conviction that it corresponds to an obligation (opinio juris).

Recognition simply serves to declare the fact of statehood.

Suspension of non-fundamental rights on account of public emergency.

The two-step process of domesticating a treaty.

International and domestic law are distinct legal orders.

Exercise of territorial jurisdiction because effects of conduct were felt there.

Maritime zone up to 200 nautical miles seaward from baseline.

Armed attack definition exists also in pre-UN Charter law.

Nationalization of property of foreign nationals.

The surrender of a suspect by one country to another to stand trial.

The State wherein a ship is registered. This possesses jurisdiction for crimes committed by the ship.

Military force by international community on humanitarian grounds.

Procedural bar to the ordinary jurisdiction of foreign courts.

Judgments cannot be executed against property of States.

Afforded on the basis of the public nature of conduct (functional).

Afforded on the basis of a person’s status (personal).

Powers conferred indirectly from an entity’s constitutive instrument.

International law becomes domestic law upon ratification.

The idea that human rights are inseparable.

All water masses landward from baselines (ie rivers, lakes, deltas).

Entities set up by States and endowed with distinct legal ­personality.

A violation of an international obligation by a State.

Private conduct of governments.

Public government conduct.

The power of States to enforce their laws over persons and property.

Exercise of authority in one’s own territory.

Exercise of authority irrespective of location in respect of certain crimes.

Peremptory (highest in hierarchy) rules of international law.

That a particular entitlement is susceptible to enforcement proceedings.

That which is lawful under international law.

That which receives universal approval, even if outside the ambit of law.

The right (or standing) to bring a suit or claim.

International and domestic law are part of the same legal order.

Non-interference in the domestic affairs of other States.

Entities that are not States, such as terrorists, guerrillas, and multinational corporations.

Effective control over territory.

Non-welcome person.

Possessing rights and duties and a capacity to enforce them under international law.

Treaties are ratified by the Queen following consideration by Parliament.

Self-defence without being attacked first.

The idea that some rights are not immediately applicable.

Response to conduct in proportion to that conduct.

Official acknowledgement of an entity’s statehood.

Unlawful response to prior unlawful ­conduct.

Unilateral statement that modifies or excludes treaty provisions for the signatory.

Armed attack definition is that found in the UN Charter.

The break-up of a country into two or more new nations.

Right of States to respond militarily to an armed attack.

Use of force in anticipation of imminent armed attack.

Use of force to avert possible armed attack.

Right of peoples to determine their collective status.

Non-binding but highly authoritative rules.

The authority of States to determine their affairs without intervention.

Independent States.

The idea of establishing non-binding but authoritative rules.

Right not to be sued before foreign courts.

Achieving the criteria for becoming a State.

The authority of the territorial State.

Maritime zone up to 12 nautical miles seaward from baseline.

International law becomes domestic law by a subsequent statute.

Those treaties elaborate enough to be applied without implementing laws.

Exceeding one’s vested powers.

Conduct undertaken by one State acting alone, which produces legal effects.

The authority of all States over certain crimes.

The idea that rights apply equally to everyone, irrespective of culture.

Military force by one State against another.

The drawing of borders based on colonial boundaries.