* not completed

. Was the use of armed force permitted prior to the United Nations Charter?

Armed force was prohibited correct incorrect

Armed force was permitted with no restrictions correct incorrect

Armed force was permitted subject to few restrictions correct incorrect

Armed force was not regulated under international law prior to 1945 correct incorrect

* not completed

. What types of force does Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibit?

Article 2(4) encompasses only armed force correct incorrect

Article 2(4) encompasses all types of force, including sanctions correct incorrect

Article 2(4) encompasses all interference in the domestic affairs of States correct incorrect

Article 2(4) encompasses force directed only against a State's territorial integrity correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the meaning of "armed attack" in Article 51 UN Charter?

"Armed attack" includes all types of armed force correct incorrect

"Armed attack" includes all high intensity instances of armed force correct incorrect

"Armed attack" includes terrorist attacks correct incorrect

An "armed attack" gives the right to invade the aggressor State correct incorrect

* not completed

. Is the ICJ hostile to the idea that an armed attack may arise through a series of lower intensity, yet cumulative, instances of armed force?

The ICJ was not hostile to the accumulation theory correct incorrect

The concept of an armed attack refers to a single attack, not multiple smaller instances of armed force correct incorrect

In the Nicaragua case the ICJ dismissed the accumulation theory correct incorrect

The ICJ has never addressed this issue correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the meaning of proportionality in relation to the options available to the victim State?

The victim State may use the same means and intensity of force as the aggressor correct incorrect

The victim State may use any means to defeat and incapacitate the aggressor correct incorrect

The victim State may only use such means and force as it is necessary to defeat the aggressor correct incorrect

The victim State can do nothing without Security Council approval correct incorrect

* not completed

. Can armed violence perpetrated by non-State actors ever amount to an armed attack under Article 51 UN Charter?

The conduct of non-State actors can never amount to an armed attack correct incorrect

The Caroline case serves as precedent that non-State actors can under particular circumstances commit an armed attack correct incorrect

There is no precedent in international law for the proposition that non-State actors can commit an armed attack correct incorrect

Non-State can both commit an armed attack and possess a right of self-defence under international law correct incorrect

* not completed

. What was the particular advantage of UNSC Resolution 678 over a collective defensive action under Article 51 UN Charter during the Gulf War?

Resolution 678 allowed the allies to attack Iraq with nuclear and chemical weapons correct incorrect

Resolution 678 is narrower than the inherent right of self-defence under Article 51 UN Charter correct incorrect

Resolution 678 was faster to adopt and negotiate. correct incorrect

Resolution 678 is broader because it authorised the use of force with respect to any matter threatening the peace and security of the Gulf region. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the meaning of collective security?

The right to self-defence by more than one nation acting in concert correct incorrect

The right of one's allies to defend the victim State correct incorrect

The authorisation of armed force by the UN Security Council correct incorrect

The authorisation of peacekeeping missions by the UN General Assembly correct incorrect

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. What is the meaning of implied authorisation?

Presumption of Security Council approval of armed force when a State has been forewarned correct incorrect

Implicit authorisation on the basis of a specific number of votes by UNSC members correct incorrect

Presumption that all unlawful attacks will be subject to armed force by a resolution of the UNSC correct incorrect

In cases of repeated unlawful attacks the UNSC shall authorise neighbouring States to take whatever measures they deem necessary to rectify the situation correct incorrect

* not completed

. In what way is Responsibility to Protect (R2P) different from humanitarian intervention?

R2P is essentially the same as humanitarian intervention correct incorrect

R2P requires a call for assistance by the State in distress correct incorrect

R2P is less arbitrary because it requires some UNSC input and its primary objective is to avert a humanitarian crisis correct incorrect

R2P always involves armed force, whereas humanitarian intervention does not correct incorrect