* not completed

. Which of the following adjustments would be made to any increase in GDP in order to derive an 'Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare' (ISEW)?

Subtract the monetary value of non-defensive public expenditures correct incorrect

Subtract the monetary value of personal consumption correct incorrect

Subtract the monetary value of capital formation correct incorrect

Subtract the costs of environmental degradation correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the 'emissions trading' policy instrument?

It involves a mechanism whereby the permits available are initially distributed to producers who are potential emitters of a given pollutant correct incorrect

The price mechanism for tradeable emissions permits helps to allocate the restricted supply of permits to those who most value them correct incorrect

All producers are required to be equally efficient in reducing emissions of the pollutant correct incorrect

The right to pollute can be transferred between different parties at a price determined by the market in tradeable emissions permits correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which one of the following characteristics is widely regarded as being an important aspect of sustainable development?

Intergenerational equity correct incorrect

Increasing consumption expenditure correct incorrect

Intragenerational inequity correct incorrect

Increased levels of saving correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which one of the following gases is not included in the category 'greenhouse gases'?

Methane correct incorrect

Hydrogen correct incorrect

Carbon dioxide correct incorrect

Nitrous oxide correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which one of the following is not a 'renewable' energy source?

Solar correct incorrect

Coal correct incorrect

Wave correct incorrect

Wind correct incorrect

* not completed

. Why is transport one of the most intractable factors in considering the global environmental problem?

Our transport capabilities worldwide have not expanded fast enough for us to cope with the consequences of global warming. correct incorrect

Transport demand grows faster than possible technological improvements can reduce the output of greenhouse gases and the depletion of non-renewable fossil fuel reserves. correct incorrect

Reducing the growth of the transport sector will hold back economic growth, and hence reduce the resources we have available to deal with the global environmental problem. correct incorrect

World oil refinery capacity has failed to expand in line with the demand for internal combustion fuels. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What do we mean when we say 'think globally, act locally' in relation to environmental problems?

Global environmental problems are essentially issues which need to be solved by international negotiations, and in the interim individuals must take care to protect themselves from any adverse consequences produced for them by these problems. correct incorrect

Environmental problems have to be thought about at a global level in order to get an accurate idea of the total problem facing us, but these problems are essentially produced by our activities as individuals and firms at a local level, and it is at this level that we must focus our responses. correct incorrect

Extensive research and thinking has been carried out by global-level research organizations about the causes of environmental problems, which have produced possible strategies and actions which can be applied at a local level. correct incorrect

While these problems, as we experience them in relation to sustainability issues, are produced by processes operating at a global level, we all have a role to play in our local context in making individual and collective responses, as communities and companies, which will help ameliorate the effects of these problems. correct incorrect

* not completed

. A 'green transport plan' is:

An environmentally acceptable travel plan devised by a local authority for its area correct incorrect

An internationally agreed strategy for reducing the impact of international transport activity on the global environment correct incorrect

A plan devised by a company or organization to reduce the environmental impact of the transport demands generated by itself and its employees correct incorrect

The UK government's plan for a sustainable transport sector correct incorrect

* not completed

. ISO 14001 is:

A particularly harmful global warming gas correct incorrect

A European Union regulation on pollution abatement correct incorrect

A water quality regulation set out under the UK 1996 Environment Act correct incorrect

An international standard setting out best practice for carrying out audits by companies of their environmental management systems and policies correct incorrect

* not completed

. Focusing on reducing carbon production to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is argued to be the wrong variable to focus on because:

It is impossible to achieve correct incorrect

The focus should be on carbon consumption correct incorrect

It has nothing to do with carbon dioxide emissions correct incorrect

The focus should be on carbon elimination correct incorrect

* not completed

. A scientific hypothesis, such as the influence of increased carbon dioxide emissions since 1945 on global temperatures, is tested by:

Checking out what the majority of experts think correct incorrect

Agreeing with the majority view of experts, provided the majority is substantial, e.g. 75 per cent agree with the hypothesis correct incorrect

Checking the predictions of the hypothesis against relevant data correct incorrect

Considering whether the prediction accords with common sense correct incorrect

* not completed

. One of the predictions of climate change models is that parts of the world will be subject to drastic climate change: wet areas may experience drought, and dry areas may experience excess water due to changes in rainfall patterns and/or changes in sea levels. However, recent research shows that there has been very little change in worldwide drought since 1950. This shows that:

Global warming is not happening correct incorrect

We must nevertheless not ignore the importance of water as a crucial resource correct incorrect

As most of the Earth's surface is covered by water, we have even less to worry about correct incorrect

Worries about rising sea levels are misplaced correct incorrect

* not completed

. 'Greenwash' is a company's way of giving itself a more acceptable environmental image as a way of marketing itself and its products, and attracting business, without there necessarily being any real substance in the claims it makes about itself. 'Greenwash' is therefore:

An undesirable activity which should be banned correct incorrect

An inevitable business activity which should be encouraged if carried out positively and responsibly correct incorrect

A form of advertising which can be ignored correct incorrect

An activity engaged in by large international corporations to avoid paying tax correct incorrect

* not completed

. The idea of the 'learning organization' has been put forward as an approach to getting all the employees of a company to act together as a single unified 'green' organization. This is an interesting idea, but:

Is impractical correct incorrect

Has never been tried out correct incorrect

Is very new in relation to applications in this area, and not much research has been reported so far correct incorrect

A company can't afford to train its entire staff all the time on these issues: there are other training priorities correct incorrect

* not completed

. We have had over 20 years of international conferences on what to do about the global environmental crisis, and some commentators say absolutely nothing has been achieved. This shows that:

There is a complete lack of international commitment to positive action correct incorrect

It is very difficult to devise appropriate policies correct incorrect

The environmental crisis is only one of the issues that nations negotiate about, and agreement on environmental issues has to be compatible with agreements on other issues, such as trade correct incorrect

There is no agreement on the environmental issues facing the global community correct incorrect