Chapter 13 Practice Quiz

. The Helsinki Declaration was the designation given to a trial of 23 physicians for crimes against humanity perpetrated during WWII.

. Most of what we know comes from first-hand experience, rather than someone (e.g., a parent) telling us, for example that the "earth orbits the sun" or "snakes can be venomous."

. Agreement reality involves us learning to accept what those around us "know."

. Determining why a young man living on Chicago's Southside joined a criminal gang involves nomothetic explanation.

. When reasoning moves from a pattern that might be logically or theoretically expected, to observations that test whether an expected pattern actually occurs, it is considered inductive reasoning.

. Scientific explanations based on inductive reasoning move from the particular (this gang member) to the general (all gang members).

. "Research" refers to a step-by-step process associated with one mode of human inquiry, called "science."

. A typical starting point when discussing research ethics has been with the ethical principles formulated primarily to guide biomedical research.

. The Belmont Report included new, comprehensive, and absolute requirements that human subjects give their informed consent to participate in research projects and have the right to withdraw their participation at any time.

. The Helsinki Declaration became the basis for ethical standards concerning human subject involved research funded by federal agencies in the United States.

. Informed consent is a document presented to a prospective subject that contains a written summary of the research project, including the protocols being used and a description of possible risks and benefits of participating.

. The Common Rule converted principles outlined in the Belmont Report into actual federal regulations for any human subject involved research funded by federal agencies.

. Because of Nazi physician and sympathizer atrocities perpetrated during the Holocaust, a new field of biomedical research ethics emerged in the late 1940s and that has remained through today.

. This was the trial of 23 German physicians after WWII for crimes against humanity perpetrated during the war.

. This is a comprehensive and absolute list of requirements of subjects giving their informed consent to participate in research

. This occurs when personal, financial, political, and academic concerns exist about research conducted involving human subjects.

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