* not completed

. Knowing how to do something, like drive a car or play a sport, is referred to as

explicit knowledge correct incorrect

behavioral knowledge correct incorrect

procedural knowledge correct incorrect

implicit knowledge correct incorrect

* not completed

. All of the following are examples of habituation, EXCEPT:

Dana’s dog becomes quickly accustomed to her friends when they come over to visit and only barks when they first walk in the door. correct incorrect

Jerome’s rate of sucking on his pacifier decreases the more he familiarizes himself with his mother’s voice. correct incorrect

Latoya’s last boyfriend was emotionally abusive and now she has more trouble trusting possible new mates. correct incorrect

Nikki’s cat has become so lazy that his play reactions to string quickly fade after a minute or so. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Because of this learning mechanism, your sensitivity to pain generally increases the longer the pain continues, both in the affected area of your body and in surrounding areas.

sensitization correct incorrect

habituation correct incorrect

conditioning correct incorrect

latent learning correct incorrect

* not completed

. In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus can only be associated with the unconditioned stimulus if

the neutral stimulus prepares the organism for the other stimulus correct incorrect

the neutral stimulus is sufficiently intense correct incorrect

the other stimulus produces an intense response correct incorrect

the other stimulus is particularly noxious correct incorrect

* not completed

. When a dog has food placed in its mouth, the dog begins to salivate. The salivation behavior is called the

unconditioned stimulus correct incorrect

conditioned stimulus correct incorrect

unconditioned response correct incorrect

conditioned response correct incorrect

* not completed

. The stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and then associated with it is called the

unconditioned stimulus correct incorrect

conditioned stimulus correct incorrect

unconditioned response correct incorrect

conditioned response correct incorrect

* not completed

. A light can be an unconditioned stimulus in a secondary conditioning experiment, if

the light is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus correct incorrect

the light is paired with food correct incorrect

the light is paired with another neutral stimulus correct incorrect

the light follows presentation of an unconditioned stimulus correct incorrect

* not completed

. Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug. In classical conditioning, this is called

renewal correct incorrect

generalization correct incorrect

discrimination correct incorrect

spontaneous recovery correct incorrect

* not completed

. If your professor ended certain class days by sounding a bullhorn and then offering sweet-smelling cookies to the class, you would start to salivate to the sound of the bullhorn. If, on other days, your professor ended class by ringing a hand bell, and not offering cookies, you would not salivate to the sound of the hand bell. The aspect of classical conditioning responsible for that phenomenon is

discrimination correct incorrect

generalization correct incorrect

spontaneous recovery correct incorrect

renewal correct incorrect

* not completed

. All of the following statements about Watson and Rayner’s (1920) “Little Albert” experiment are true, EXCEPT:

After about seven pairings of a loud sound with a rat, Albert began to show fear in the presence of the rat alone. correct incorrect

The methods used in the experiment were unethical, casual, and haphazard. correct incorrect

Watson and Rayner planned to recondition Albert away from the conditioned fear of rats. correct incorrect

The study was never successfully replicated with another infant. correct incorrect

* not completed

. This concept states that any neutral stimulus can be associated just as easily with one unconditioned stimulus as with any other.

equipotentiality correct incorrect

generalization correct incorrect

instinctive drift correct incorrect

latent learning correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following best captures the essence of the law of effect?

The presence of reward strengthens actions that prove to be successful while actions that prove unsuccessful become less likely to occur. correct incorrect

The presence of an aversive stimulus increases the arousal of an organism’s response. correct incorrect

The effect of behavior is to cause reward. correct incorrect

The likelihood of a behavior is strengthened by all consequences, negative or positive. correct incorrect

* not completed

. The “positive” and “negative” terms applied to reinforcement and punishment refer to

whether a consequence is good or bad correct incorrect

whether something is added or removed as a consequence correct incorrect

whether a consequence adds or subtracts from behavior correct incorrect

whether a consequence is concrete or abstract correct incorrect

* not completed

. When the frequency or probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the addition or presentation of something following the performance of the behavior, it is called

positive reinforcement correct incorrect

positive punishment correct incorrect

negative reinforcement correct incorrect

negative punishment correct incorrect

* not completed

. In an attempt to get his class to quiet down more quickly, Dr. Johnson continuously sounds a very loud bullhorn until the class stops talking. This is an example of

positive reinforcement correct incorrect

positive punishment correct incorrect

negative reinforcement correct incorrect

negative punishment correct incorrect

* not completed

. Among other things, food, water, and sex have been found to be the best

classical reinforcers correct incorrect

primary reinforcers correct incorrect

operant reinforcers correct incorrect

secondary reinforcers correct incorrect

* not completed

. Slot-machine players do not typically pause for rest following reinforcement, but rather, they continue to respond at high rates to reach the next pay-off. The schedule of reinforcement in effect here is

fixed-interval correct incorrect

fixed-ratio correct incorrect

variable-interval correct incorrect

variable-ratio correct incorrect

* not completed

. Many operant conditioning programs set up in substance abuse treatment facilities, which work by reinforcing desired behaviors with prizes, chances to win prizes, or tokens that may be redeemed for various privileges, use this technique.

conditioned taste aversion correct incorrect

behavioral analysis correct incorrect

contingency management correct incorrect

progressive shaping correct incorrect

* not completed

. This schedule of reinforcement, sometimes reinforcing hunting strategies in animals, and shopping strategies in humans, generally produces the lowest rate of responding because reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.

fixed-interval correct incorrect

fixed-ratio correct incorrect

variable-interval correct incorrect

variable-ratio correct incorrect

* not completed

. If a behavior, like playing a slot machine, is continuously reinforced, the behavior is initially strong but

stays strong long after playing ceases to become rewarding correct incorrect

is extinguished soon after the slot machine ceases delivering rewards correct incorrect

is more likely to occur in a different context from the casino correct incorrect

lingers longer than a partially reinforced behavior correct incorrect

* not completed

. Tolman’s research on latent learning focused on distinguishing between learning and

cognition correct incorrect

aptitude correct incorrect

intelligence correct incorrect

performance correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the Tolman and Hoznik (1930) experiment on latent learning, the group of rats that were reinforced only after several days of navigating the maze without reinforcement showed a(n)

decrease in the latency of reinforcing behavior compared with other groups correct incorrect

increase in the rate of errors compared with the other groups correct incorrect

reduction in the speed at which they reached the goal box compared with other groups correct incorrect

reduction in the rate of errors across subsequent trials compared to other groups correct incorrect

* not completed

. According to a study by Breland and Breland (1961), it was no trouble to condition a raccoon to slip coins into the slot on a laboratory “piggy bank.” However, the raccoon would not let the coins go, but dipped them in and out of the slot, and rubbed them together in his paws. This was because

the raccoon could not be conditioned to use only one paw and persisted on grasping with both correct incorrect

the procedure used a continuous reinforcement contingency correct incorrect

the raccoon’s saving behavior had not been properly shaped correct incorrect

the raccoon had come to associate the coins with receiving food and was treating the coins as food correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the original version of Bandura’s experiment, preschoolers were left in the company of an adult model who would either punch and kick an inflatable clown doll (“Bobo”)—the kind with a rounded, weighted base that springs back up when knocked down—or, in the control conditions, the adult would

insult the doll correct incorrect

do nothing to the doll correct incorrect

physically throw the doll correct incorrect

play a violent TV program for the doll correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following does NOT describe one of the four stages in the process of vicarious conditioning?

One must first direct one’s attention to a model’s behavior and to the rewards or punishments that follow from the behavior. correct incorrect

One must retain a memory of the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must be motivated to perform the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must have been previously conditioned to seek rewarding consequences for acting aggressively. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following does NOT describe one of the four stages in the process of vicarious conditioning?

One must first direct one’s attention to a model’s behavior and to the rewards or punishments that follow from the behavior. correct incorrect

One must retain a memory of the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must be motivated to perform the observed behavior. correct incorrect

One must have been previously conditioned to seek rewarding consequences for acting aggressively. correct incorrect