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. The water balance of a mountain lake is given as:
E = P + Qi - Qo + ΔS/Δt

E = monthly evaporation from the lake
P = monthly precipitation on the lake
Qi
= the monthly water inflow to the lake
Qo = the monthly water outflow from the lake
ΔS/Δt = the monthly change in water storage in the lake; ΔS is positive if the storage increases; ΔS is negative if the storage decreases.
All variable values are in mm month-1.
In April the water level in the lake increases; in August the water level in the lake decreases.
The water balance equation E = P + Qi - Qo + ΔS/Δt is

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. The average precipitation over the globe is estimated as 1000 mm per year, and the amount of water vapour in the earth's atmosphere is estimated to equal a liquid water layer of 25 mm. The average residence time of water vapour in the earth's atmosphere in days therefore equals

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. The persistence of either wet or dry conditions on a multi-year timescale, such as the multi-year droughts in the Sahel region of Africa, is due to a

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. The Coriolis effect is related to

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. When the relative humidity of the air is

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. The albedo gives the fraction of

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. The latent heat flux density (latent heat transfer) is the energy per unit area and time (MJ m-2 day-1) used for

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. The open-water evaporation increases when the saturation deficit

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. The aerodynamic resistance determines the rate of

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