Chapter 5 Quiz

. Probability samples are often considered superior to non-probability samples because

they use randomization which ensures that inferences between samples and their population are as accurate as possible

they have observations deliberately selected to match the research population which makes it easier to generalize

they have a larger amount of observations

they have a smaller amount of observations

. What type of data is best described as a "snapshot" of a population?

panel data

pre-post data

cross section data

longitudinal data

. Large-n studies are also known as

Qualitative studies because a large number of observations are needed to make reliable inferences

Quantitative studies because a large number of observations are needed to make reliable inferences

Qualitative studies because observations are studied in depth to understand why or how phenomena occur

Quantitative studies because observations are studied in depth to understand why or how phenomena occur

. A company inspects every 50th car on a manufacturing line in order to carry out quality control. This sample is an example of a

simple random sample

systematic sample

stratified random sample

cluster sample

. Convenience samples:

are those to which a research has the best access

are those that are expected to produce the strongest results

are based on a system of referrals

are based on particular characteristics guiding the inclusion of particular observations

. Randomization means each potential observation has

an equal chance of being included in the research study

an independent chance of being included in the research study

an equal and independent chance of being included in the research study

properties consistent with the research population

. If the margin of error is 3% and the sample mean for particular variable is 80%, the confidence interval becomes

77%-80%

80%-83%

80%

77%-83%

. What is the central characteristic of non-probability samples?

That they are not based on randomization

That they usually involve a large number of observations

That they are used in experimental research

That they are designed to mirror the population as closely as possible

. A characteristic about a research population is called a

sample statistic

population parameter

random sample

variable

. What is a research design?

A plan that describes how a research question will be answered

A plan that describes what the variables will be

A plan that describes the implications of the results will be

A plan that describes how to create a theory

. Which of the following types of research design uses numerical measures for a large amount of observations?

Qualitative research design

Quantitative research design

Experimental research design

Comparative research design

. The unit of analysis refers to:

The independent variable

The dependent variable

The general grouping of what is being studied

The research hypothesis

. Which type of analysis is of non-numeric information for a small number of observations to produce a conclusion about how and why something happened in a particular way

Research Analysis

Quantitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Independent Analysis

. What is the confidence level?

The probability that the way a confidence interval is generated from a sample produces a result that contains the true population parameter.

The measure of the precision of an estimate of the true population parameter

The degree of error that is expected between a sample statistic and the population parameter

The probability that the hypothesis is proved correct

. What is an experimental design?

a design in which the researcher can control the assignment of values on an independent variable to test its effect on a dependent variable.

a design in which the researcher does not have control over the assignment of values within an independent variable.

a design in which the observations included in the study are inherently similar to each other on a number of important dimensions so that variation in an independent variable can be used to explain variation in a dependent variable.

a design in which the observations included in the study are very different from one another, but manifest the same value on the dependent variable under consideration.

. Most similar system design and most different system are examples of what type of design?

Quantitative

Qualitative

Observational

Comparative

. What is the set of all possible observations within a particular unit of analysis with particular characteristics in common?

Research Population

Research Section

Research Group

Research Collection

. What is a case study?

An observation of some event or phenomenon in one place, either at one point in time or over multiple points in time

An observation of some event or phenomenon in multiple places or time periods

An observation in which a relationship between two variables is statistically significant

A "snapshot" of the population

. Longitudinal data:

involves multiple contacts for the same subjects

involves multiple contacts for different subjects

involves one contact at one point in time

involves one contact for two points in time

. Panel data:

involves multiple contacts for the same subjects

involves multiple contacts for different subjects

involves one contact at one point in time

involves one contact for two points in time

. It is important that sample bias be avoided whenever possible because:

It prevents researchers from collecting a large amount of observations

It prevents researchers from reaching any sort of conclusion about their original hypothesis

It can lead to faulty inferences about the overall population from which a sample was derived

It forces researchers to use an experimental research design to conduct their study

. Mixed methods designs happen when:

Researchers combine differing results from various studies

Researchers combine different population parameters in a single study

Researchers combine different hypotheses to form a single hypothesis

Researchers combine different research designs in a single study

. For most survey research, randomly selecting 1,000 individuals from a population will

Often produce a margin of error of 3% at 95% confidence

Often produce a margin of error of 2% at 95% confidence

Often produce a margin of error of 3% at 90% confidence

Often produce a margin of error of 2% at 90% confidence

. Which type of non-probability sample is derived when a researcher is guided by a particular characteristic within a population and deliberately chooses a sample based on that characteristic?

Purposive Sample

Snowball Sample

Convenience Sample

Quota Sample

. Which type of comparative research design includes observations that manifest the same value on the dependent variable under consideration

Most similar system design

Most different system design

Experimental research design

Observational research design

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