Chapter 27 Self-test questions

. Which of the following best describes the 'democratization of technology'?

Technology is more ubiquitous and user-friendly.

Technology is increasingly used by democracies to support processes of globalization.

Democratic countries are increasingly championing the use of technology.

Technology is irreversible.

. In what ways does transnational organized crime (TOC) pose security threats?

The direct effects of criminal activities

Corruption

Through direct confrontation with the state

All of the above

. What is meant by the concept of 'deviant globalization'?

'Deviant globalization' is used to understand how globalization is an uncontrollable force and thus can facilitate criminal activity between states.

'Deviant globalization' is used to understand how transnational crime actors take advantage of globalization in areas such as illicit drug, wildlife, and firearms trafficking.

'Deviant globalization' is used to understand when terrorists use globalization to organize transnational crime.

'Deviant globalization' is used to understand how global markets favour illicit trade thereby encouraging transnational crime.

. Which of the following is not a phase used to understand the relationship between transnational criminal groups and the state?

Predatory

Symbiotic

Parasitic

Co-dependent

. Which of the following is not one of the Palermo Protocols?

Human trafficking

Drug trafficking

Migrant smuggling

Firearms trafficking

. How might we better combat transnational organized crime?

International cooperation on issues such as extradition and cooperation across borders

Individual states can work to counter impunity and ineffective judicial systems.

Increased transparency as a way to combat corruption

All of the above

. What is meant by the 'balloon effect'?

Drug flows move away from enforcement pressures.

Drug flows are more prone to bulge in certain regions.

Drug flows drift easily from one region to another.

All of the above

. The narrative of transnational crime as a security threat is not without its critics. Which of the following best describes their argument?

TOC is often described in an 'apocalyptic tone' that may be exaggerated.

The state and media can sometimes exaggerate the transnational character and threats posed by crime and terrorism.

States typically portray hierarchical TCO's as more menacing but many scholars now point to flatter, more networked structures, as prevalent in illicit markets.

All of the above

. What role does a legal system play in combatting crime including transnational crime?

All legal systems provide the state with a way to solve and prosecute crime.

Effective legal systems are typically able to deter more violent crime by organized rational actors.

Legal systems work to ensure that all law enforcement measures of the state are adhered to. In this way, legal systems can combat crime, corruption, and bribery.

Legal systems are largely ineffective in combatting transnational crime.

. In what ways will climate change impact transnational crime?

Climate change is environmental and does not impact transnational crime.

Climate change will provide new areas and markets for transnational crime including migration, illicit rent seeking, and resource extraction.

Climate change provides a challenge for transnational crime as resource extraction becomes more difficult.

Climate change will provide new areas for terrorism and violent crime.

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