Chapter 9 Self-test questions

. 'Before the Industrial Revolution, society tended to view children as little adults, working and socialising with older adults.' True or false?

. Which historian is credited with the claim that the concept of childhood is a modern invention?

. What is the current minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?

. How did G. Stanley Hall famously describe the developmental stage of adolescence?

. Which of the following is the dominant category of explanatory theory in the field of youth offending/youth justice?

. Which of the following are among the biological factors that have been suggested to predispose children and young people to deviant or offending behaviour? (Select all that apply.)

. Which of these terms are associated with developmental life course explanations of youth offending? (Select all that apply.)

. What is the nature of the influence that a risk factor has on later offending, according to developmental theorists?

. Which of the following is not one of the three categories into which Cloward and Ohlin suggest that deviant subcultures can be divided?

. 'Responsibilisation' is the tendency to place excessive responsibility for the causes of youth offending, and the success of responses to it, on which group or institution?

. Which of the following are among the risk factors that are emphasised in explanations of radicalisation, according to Christmann (2012)? (Select all that apply.)

. What is the legal term for the presumption that children below a certain age are not necessarily capable of discerning between right and wrong?

. 'The RFPP, or Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm, has never gained real traction as a model for explaining and responding to youth offending.' True or false?

. Which term best describes the main emphasis and objective of the youth justice system (YJS)?

. Who completes the Asset questionnaire?

. Which of the following are among the criticisms that have been levelled at Asset and Onset? (Select all that apply.)

. 'Supporters of diversion within youth justice argue that children and young people who demonstrate problematic behaviour should be diverted away from the potentially damaging influence of contact with the formal YJS, and into positive and supportive interventions.' True or false?

. 'Some argue that the "new age of diversion" is not be the principled model that supporters claim, and that the shift towards diversion instead represents a drive for ________.' What is the missing word or phrase?

. Which of the following are among the principles for delivering youth justice that are emphasised by the CFOS approach? (Select all that apply.)

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