Chapter 22 Self-test questions

. What is epistemology?

. Which theory is about how we can understand reality?

. Which two of the following perspectives have dominated the evolution of explanatory theories in criminology?

. Which principles or suppositions have underpinned explanations of crime emerging from positivist research? (Select all that apply.)

. What is the objective of a scientific experiment?

. What are the issues with controlling for extraneous variables in experiments in the human world? (Select all that apply.)

. Which of these are among Fisher and Geiselman's (1992) mnemonic strategies for stimulating memory? (Select all that apply.)

. 'Correlation _____ causation.' What is the missing word or phrase?

. 'The search for the causes of crime is further complicated by the lack of _____ of the empirical research that claims to have identified these causes.' What is the missing word?

. Which of the following are among the types of relationships that criminological research has identified between potential influences and offending?

. What is the name of the method for evaluating crime prevention programmes that contributed to the resurgence of positivist methods within criminology in the 21st century?

. Sherman et al. (1998) used the Scientific Methods Scale to assess the methodological quality of individual crime prevention evaluations according to three methodological criteria. Which of the following is not one of the three criteria?

. Which metaphor best illustrates the most common criticism of the positivist 'what works' approach?

. Which of the following are among the alternative models of implementing, explaining, and evaluating crime prevention programmes that are now emerging?

. What is the other term used to describe chaos theory?

. On which mathematician's assertions is the concept of fractal measurement based?

. Which mathematician uncovered what is known as the 'butterfly effect'?

. 'The assumption of ______, ______, and ______ relationships between variables sits at the core of positivist analysis.' Which of the following words would not make sense in this sentence?

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