Chapter 14 Self-test questions

* not completed

. From which social science disciplines have the defining texts on transnational criminology so far emerged? (Select all that apply.)

Criminology correct incorrect

Human geography correct incorrect

International relations correct incorrect

Law correct incorrect

* not completed

. The existing literature on transnational crime and justice has mainly focused on organised crime networks. What types of transnational crimes does this focus exclude? (Select all that apply.)

Colonial and imperial crimes correct incorrect

Genocide correct incorrect

Migrant smuggling correct incorrect

Transatlantic slave trade correct incorrect

* not completed

. What are the three categories of transnational crime?

Transnational corporate crime correct incorrect

Transnational commercial crime correct incorrect

Transnational organised crime correct incorrect

Transnational state crime correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following traditional social science distinctions does transnational criminology call into question? (Select all that apply.)

The national and the international correct incorrect

Crime and war correct incorrect

The crimes of the powerful and the powerless correct incorrect

The public and the private correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following are examples of transnational state terror—or 'terrorism from above' (Ruggiero, 2003)? (Select all that apply.)

The Mỹ Lai massacre in which US troops killed over 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians correct incorrect

The bombing of the US embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, by the Jihadist network, al-Qaida, which resulted in over 200 civilian deaths correct incorrect

The use of an atomic bomb by the US in Hiroshima resulting in the immediate deaths of an estimated 80,000 civilians and a further 60,000 deaths from radiation poisoning correct incorrect

The fire-bombing of a city-centre open-air market in the northern Syria which resulted in over 50 civilian deaths correct incorrect

* not completed

. What does LEAP campaign for?

An end to the 'war on terror' correct incorrect

An end to the 'war on drugs' correct incorrect

An end to the 'war on migration' correct incorrect

An end to the 'war on extremism' correct incorrect

* not completed

. Since the late 2000s the most popular illicit migrant route into the EU has been from West Africa to Italy, which involves crossing the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean Sea. During its worst 18-month period so far, how many migrants died trying to cross the Mediterranean?

60 correct incorrect

660 correct incorrect

6,600 correct incorrect

66,000 correct incorrect

* not completed

. What are some of the obstacles standing in the way of harmonised international responses to preventing, identifying, and policing cybercrimes? (Select all that apply.)

International cooperation correct incorrect

Cross-jurisdiction differences correct incorrect

Digital divide correct incorrect

Distrust between states correct incorrect

* not completed

. Criminologists adopting a radical, non-mainstream position question traditional assumptions about criminal organisations and their leaders. Which of the following are among their claims? (Select all that apply.)

The most effective way of dealing with organised crime is to remove its leaders, so that the remaining layers of the pyramid structure collapse. correct incorrect

Much organised crime is rational and emerges from groups of otherwise law-abiding people taking advantage of criminal opportunities. correct incorrect

The violence associated with organised crime is usually incidental to the groups' primary objectives. correct incorrect

Criminal organisations typically work through networks of individual actors or small groups of friends and acquaintances. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What does the phrase 'global civil society' refer to?

Global North organisations correct incorrect

Non-governmental organisations correct incorrect

Transnational organisations correct incorrect

Global South organisations correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following are examples of civil society NGOs? (Select all that apply.)

Greenpeace correct incorrect

Human Rights Watch correct incorrect

International Criminal Court correct incorrect

United Nations correct incorrect