Brotherton, D.C. (2015) Youth Street Gangs: A Critical Appraisal  New York: Routledge

Cullen, F. T., Agnew, R. and Wilcox, P. (2013) Criminological Theory: Past to Present Oxford: Oxford University Press. Especially Section 2 (chapters 7-16)

Lilly, J. R., Cullen, F. T. and Ball, R. A. Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences London: Sage. Especially Chapters 3 and 4

Young, J. (2007) The Vertigo of Late Modernity  London: Sage