Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

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