Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The law of the church.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

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