Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

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