Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

The law of the church.

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