Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

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