Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The law of the church.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

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