Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

An arrangement in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and required to serve under them in war.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

The law of the church.

The act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign.

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