Chapter 18 Self-Quiz

. According to Hobbes, human life

represents a distinctive level of soul, quite different from the plant and animal levels.

is just a motion of limbs.

doesn't differ in principle from the operations of a watch.

ceases when the soul departs from the body.

. With respect to the human mind and its relation to the body, Hobbes

is a metaphysical monist.

is, unlike Descartes, a dualist.

argues against epiphenomenalism.

is, like Descartes, a dualist.

. In a state of nature, Hobbes holds,

people do many unjust things.

there is no such thing as good and evil.

people seek to maximize their pleasure and power.

cooperation predominates, until society corrupts the natural goodness of individuals.

. Hobbes thinks that a sovereign power

exists pure and uncorrupted only in a state of nature.

is required to compel men to keep their agreements.

must be such as to be under the control of the governed.

should involve a separation of powers, as between king and parliament.

. When Locke says that he will use a "historical, plain method" in investigating human understanding, he means that he

will consult the historians as authorities on humanity.

won't say anything fancy.

will try to trace our ideas to their origin.

will throw out any âresultsâ that cannot be historically validated.

. All our ideas come from experience, Locke says; that is, from

sensation and reflection.

innate sources of experience.

complex ideas of external objects.

within the mind.

. Our idea of substance, Locke says, is

the known foundation of all our knowledge of things.

the idea of a composite of qualities that regularly appears together in our experience.

restricted to the substance we know best, that is, our own soul.

the idea of an unknown substratum that has the qualities we experience.

. The problem of personal identity, if Locke is right,

is not a real problem at all, since we know who we are.

can be solved by paying close attention to what is present to our consciousness at a given moment.

arises because a person can have such different qualities at different times.

is solved by appeal to the sameness of the soul that constitutes the person.

. Locke's views on representative government

are formed in part by his views on what life is like in a state of nature.

depend on the contract signed between Englishmen and their king.

involve no limitation on the powers of the sovereign, once he or she is constituted monarch.

guarantee that government will not abuse its powers.

. Berkeley thinks that

philosophers have erred in trying to stick too close to common sense.

philosophers have erred in trying to defend skepticism and atheism.

things really do have the qualities they seem to have.

things do not exist independently of our perception of them.

. Berkeley thinks that the doctrine of abstract ideas

has led to many substantial advances in knowledge.

is one of the confusions that lead to atheism.

is required to account for our knowledge of substances, particularly our knowledge of God.

helps us understand how one mind can communicate its ideas to another mind via language.

. Berkeley says that it is his intention to

turn ideas into things.

turn things into ideas.

make a significant advance on common sense.

raise dust and then complain he cannot see.

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