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Chapter 28 Self-test questions
Return to Contemporary Security Studies 5e student resources
Chapter 28 Self-test questions
After the Return to Theory: The Past, Present, and Future of Security Studies
Quiz Content
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What is distinguishable about security studies
theory
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Security studies theory refers to the historical systematic distinction between strategic studies and security studies and the interrelation between general International Relations (IR) theory, security studies, and security theory.
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The centre of the security studies debate has been to give form to policy question -strategy, economy of defence, decision making-and to the systematic division of labour that has governed those distinctions.
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Security theory is a specific subset of security studies and one whose development has gone through distinctive phases and divided more strongly than comparable fields, often without mutual recognition.
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Security debates structured scholarship centred on offensive versus defensive realism, the relative importance of ideational variables, and the role of power and institutions in orders and empires.
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Which factor facilitated the institutional innovation of security studies?
The need for civilian expertise, a need driven by technological developments, resulted in a shift from targeted development of fast-changing technologies to deployment of a given technology.
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Theory was necessary because nuclear technology was inherently more empirical, seen as what would be controlled by the bottom line of probable occurrences in a given conflict situation-the game of deterrence.
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Broader political considerations about the potential implications of long-term mobilization in the US.
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The combination of nuclear weapons and Cold War political considerations required a highly cohesive, strong military leadership to coordinate economic, political, and military planning.
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In what ways did game theory and deterrence theory mark an intellectual development in the 'golden age' of security studies?
Deterrence theory and game theory became highly influential within the academic world and gained centrality politically because the nature of the object allowed for a high degree of normative theorization which was accompanied by a mood of technological pessimism that fostered an ethos of critique.
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The progressive research programmes produced theories that actually formed their own reality of abstractions, the world of, 'secure second-strike capability', 'extended deterrence', and 'escalation dominance'.
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Game theory and deterrence theory as an intellectual development resulted in the trade-off between policy relevance/utility and theoretical abstraction/sophistication.
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None of the above. The influence of deterrence theory was illusory. The build-up of nuclear weapons and first strike- orientated policy was driven by the internal logic of maximizing firepower. Theory served as the smokescreen that belied the intent.
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How has the interaction between academia and the policy world developed?
From strong rivalry to greater cooperation.
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Policy-academe developments have resulted in the modification of the role of think tanks away from policy towards politicization resistant theory.
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Today theory is done at universities, and think tanks are under competitive pressure to deliver policy guidance.
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Think tanks and policy-makers are increasingly interrelated. The institutional blurring between universities, think tank, and policy has resulted in policy mergers at every level.
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Which conditions enabled the development of Security Studies as a field in the US?
A combination of new security threats and optimism about scientific methods.
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Generous research funding and exponential expansion of higher education.
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The need to urgently address the threat posed by the Soviet Union and their nuclear arsenal.
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All of the above.
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What differences emerged with regard to theorizing on both sides of the Atlantic?
From a US perspective, it is common to regard the main voice of security to be external. The question of what should or what should not count as security issues and how to conceptualize security.
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The European school is based on a hegemonic form of knowledge. Knowledge is conceived as the understanding of causal mechanisms in relation to the material on which they act.
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The different forms of knowledge relate to a conflicting conception of the relationship to policy: the problem-solving tradition in US political science vs. the critical studies in Europe.
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Theorizing has parallel theoretical forms of knowledge based on empirically substantiated cause-and-effect relationships.
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In what ways can the different relationship between US and European security studies be explained?
The different relationship to the
concept of security:
in Europe the debate has stayed as part of politico-self-reflection of the scholar who 'does security';whereas in the US, the question of the concept of security is seen at the most as a necessary 'define your' terms' operation.
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The different relationship to the exact
form of knowledge
that is valued. The US is more rationalist, Europe the more reflectivist. In the US security studies debate hypothesis is typically examined as cause-effect relationships, tied into general debates and with measurement of ideational variables.
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In the US major competing explanations emphasized, on the one hand, the US's liberal hegemony, and, on the other hand, the purely power-based stability of presumed unipolarity in which balancing becomes impossible.
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All of the above.
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What did the concept of 'security' facilitate in the 1980s?
The focus on power and peace in academic research.
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The rise of cosmopolitanism.
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A meeting ground between strategic studies and peace studies.
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All of the above.
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How has the 'Golden Age' idea been criticized?
The Golden Age has been criticized for developing unscientific theories about security.
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A common critique of the 'Golden Age' idea is that it did not produce policy-relevant theories that could guide Western governments during the Cold War.
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Peace researchers and critical theorists argued that the whole 'Golden Age' idea was a self-glorifying construction of academics that legitimized morally corrupt government policies.
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All of the above.
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What are the challenges for the future of security studies?
The most obvious issue of joint concern is terror and anti-terror measures.
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A divide where European theories address issues such as environmental and human security, while US theories will address areas such as the proliferation of WMD.
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Both the US and European analysts will be working on the role and nature of technology, globalization, the risk society, and the international economic order.
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All of the above.
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